Lightner Witmer: Biography Yeiyi American Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa

Zvemukati

• Mumwe wevanonyanya kutyaira ekuchengeta vana mune psychotherapy muUnited States.
• Lightner Witmer: biography yekiriniki yezvepfungwa
• Kudzidziswa uye basa redzidzo
• America Yekutanga Psychology Clinic
• Witmer uye kutanga kwechipatara zvepfungwa

Mumwe wevanonyanya kutyaira ekuchengeta vana mune psychotherapy muUnited States.

Lightner Witmer (1867-1956) aive chiremba wezvepfungwa weAmerica, anozivikanwa nanhasi sababa vekiriniki yepfungwa. Izvi zvakadaro kubvira paakatanga kiriniki yekutanga yepfungwa dzevana muUnited States, iyo yakatanga sechinhu chinobva murabhoritari yezvepfungwa yeYunivhesiti yePennsylvania uye yainyanya kupa kuchengetwa kwevana.

Muchikamu chino isu tichatarisa iyo biography yaLightner Witmer, pamwe nezvimwe zvezvipo zvake zvikuru kuchipatara chepfungwa.

Lightner Witmer: biography yekiriniki yezvepfungwa

Lightner Witmer, aimbove David L. Witmer Jr., akazvarwa muna Chikumi 28, 1867, muPhiladelphia, United States. Mwanakomana waDavid Lightner naKatherine Huchel, uye mukuru pavakoma vake vana, Witmer akawana doctorate mune zvepfungwa uye munguva pfupi akazova shamwari kuYunivhesiti yePennsylvania. Saizvozvo, akange aine dzidziso muhunyanzvi, zvemari uye zvehupfumi, nesainzi yezvematongerwo enyika.

Sezvakaita nevamwe vesaenzi uye vezvepfungwa venguva iyoyo, Witmer akakurira mumamiriro ehondo yepashure-yevagari muUnited States.

Uye zvakare, Witmer akaberekerwa muPhiladelphia, iyo mune imwecheteyo mamiriro yaive yakatarwa nezviitiko zvakasiyana zvakaratidza nhoroondo yenyika, senge Hondo yeGettysburg uye kurwa kwakasiyana kwekurambidzwa kwehuranda. Zvese zviri pamusoro zvakatungamira Witmer kukudziridza kunetseka kwekushandisa psychology sechishandiso chekuvandudza magariro.

Kudzidziswa uye basa redzidzo

Mushure mekupedza kudzidza mune zvematongerwo enyika, uye kuyedza kuenderera mberi nekufunda zvemutemo, Witmer akasangana neyekuedza chiremba wepfungwa James McKeen Cattell, uyo aive mumwe wevakadzidza zvikuru yenguva.

Wekupedzisira akakurudzira Witmer kuti atange kudzidza kwake mune zvepfungwa. Witmer akakurumidza kufarira kurangwa, zvimwe nekuti akamboshanda senhoroondo uye mudzidzisi weChirungu aine vana vezera rakasiyana, uye akange aona kuti vazhinji vacho vaive nematambudziko akasiyana siyana, semuenzaniso, kusiyanisa ruzha kana tsamba. Kure nekuve parutivi, Witmer akashanda pamwe nevana ava, uye rubatsiro rwake rwakave rwakabatsira mukuwedzera kudzidza kwavo.

Mushure mekusangana naCattell (uyo akange adzidzirawo nemumwe wemadzibaba epfungwa, Wilhelm Wundt) uye mushure mekubvuma kushanda semubatsiri wake, Witmer naCattell vakatanga rabhoritari rekuyedza uko chinangwa chikuru chaive chekudzidza mutsauko panguva dzekuita pakati pevanhu vakasiyana.

Cattell anobva asiya yunivhesiti, uye murabhoritari, uye Witmer anotanga kushanda semubatsiri waWundt paUniversity yeLeipzig kuGerman. Mushure mekuwana degree rake rezvechiremba, Witmer akadzokera kuYunivhesiti yePennsylvania semukuru webazi rezvepfungwa, achitsvaga mukutsvagisa nekudzidzisa mune zvepfungwa dzevana.

America Yekutanga Psychology Clinic

Sechikamu chebasa rake paYunivhesiti yePennsylvania psychology laboratory, Witmer yakavamba kiriniki yekutanga yeAmerica yekuchengetedza vana kiriniki.

Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, aive pamusoro pekushanda nevana vakasiyana, nedonzvo rekuvabatsira kukunda chaakadana kuti "hurema" pakudzidza nekudyidzana. Witmer akataura kuti hurema uhwu hwaisave hosha, uye aisave hazvo mhedzisiro yekuremara kwehuropi, asi hunhu hwepfungwa hwekukura kwemwana.

Muchokwadi, akataura kuti vana ava havafanirwe kutorwa se "vasina kujairika", nekuti kana vakatsauka kubva paavhareji, izvi zvakaitika nekuti kukura kwavo kwaive padanho pamberi peiyo yeruzhinji. Asi, kuburikidza nerakakwana rutsigiro rwemakiriniki, rwunowedzerwa nechikoro chekudzidzisa chaishanda sechipatara-chikoro, matambudziko avo anogona kubhadharwa.

Witmer uye kutanga kwechipatara zvepfungwa

Mukukakavadzana pamusoro pehunhu kana kugadziriswa kwenzvimbo yekuzvibata, iyo yaitonga zvakanyanya psychology yenguva iyoyo, Witmer pakutanga akazvimisa semumwe wevadziviriri venhaka. Zvisinei, mushure mekutanga kupindira sechiremba wepfungwa, Weimer yakataura kuti kukura uye kugona kwemwana kwakasimbiswa zvakanyanya nezvinhu zvemamiriro ekunze uye nebasa rezvehupfumi.

Kubva ipapo, kiriniki yake yakanangana nekuwedzera kudzidza kwehunyanzvi hwepfungwa uye izvo zvaimbonzi dzidzo yakasarudzika. Pamusoro pezvo, anonzi ndiye baba vekiriniki yepfungwa nekuti ndiye aive wekutanga kushandisa izwi rekuti "Clinical Psychology" muna 1896, panguva yekushanda musangano weAmerican Psychological Association (APA).

Muchirevo chakafanana, Witmer akadzivirira kupatsanurwa kwepfungwa nefilosofi, kunyanya yakatsigira kupatsanura APA kubva kuAmerican Philosophical Association. Sezvo iyo yekupedzisira yakaburitsa makakatanwa akasiyana, Witner naEdward Titchener vakatanga imwe nzanga chete kune vanoedza vezvepfungwa.

Witmer akadzivirira zvakasimba kuti tsvagurudzo inoitwa mune zvepfungwa, mumarabhoritari, pamwe nedzidziso dzakagadzirwa nevakadzidza zvikuru, dzinogona kuve nekushandisa uye kwakananga kunatsiridza hupenyu hwevanhu. Saizvozvowo, pazasi pekuvandudzika kwekiriniki psychology ndiyo fungidziro yekuti kudzidzira uye kutsvagurudza zvinhu zvisingapatsanurike zvechirango ichi.