Nei Autism Ichiripo?

Zvemukati

• Autism Inokosha Inoverengwa
• Zvidzidzo Kubva Kumunda: Autism uye COVID-19 Hutano hwepfungwa

Autism yaifanira kunge yanyangarika. Kana isu tikabvuma kufunga kwaCharles Darwin, sezvinoita vazhinji vezviology, chiitiko cheatism muhuwandu hwevanhu chinofanira kuramba chichidonha. Hunhu hunosimudzira kurarama kwemajini hunobudirira, nepo hunodzivirira kubereka huchienda. Vazhinji vanhu vane autistic havana vana, saka autistic majini akasiyana anofanirwa kusarudzwa kunze yemudziva wegene. Panzvimbo pezvo, autism yakaramba yakatsungirira kana kuwedzera (kuwedzera inyaya yekukakavadzana) kusvika pamwero weumwe pavane makumi matanhatu nevasere vanozvarwa. Chii chirikuita?

Imwe tsananguro inogona kuve yekuti autism inoguma kubva ku de novo shanduko mumageneti mashoma. Iko kushanduka kuri kutsva kuchizvarwa chino uye kuchazonyangarika mushure mechizvarwa ichi. Mushure mezvose, munhu wese ane zviuru zve "zvikanganiso" mumajini avo, asi mazhinji haana mutsauko mukufamba kwenguva. Nguva nenguva, zvisinei, shanduko-yenguva imwe chete inoita mutsauko, sekuwedzera kwechromosome inoitisa Down syndrome inoratidza.

Asi autism haishande nenzira iyi. Isu tinoziva kuti mazhinji emajini akasiyana anobatsira ku autism haasi akajairika, kamwe-nguva shanduko. Autism inoguma kubva mukubatanidzwa kwemajini, mazana kana pamwe zviuru, uye mazhinji acho anogarwa nhaka. Aya maitiro ekushanduka kwemajini muhunhu hwevanhu anoreva chokwadi chakakosha: vanofanirwa kushandira chimwe chinangwa chinobatsira, chimwe chinangwa chinowedzera kubudirira pakubereka.

Mapurofesa maviri kuYale University vanotenda kuti vakaziva chinangwa. Polimanti naJ. Vamwe vatsvagiridzi vanga vatove vakaona akasiyana majini anoita kunge anobatana neese ega mamiriro aya, uye maYale masayendisiti akaongorora iyo data kuti vaone kana magene akakodzera ari kufa kana kuti ave kugadzikana, kana "kugadziriswa." Autism chete uye schizophrenia ndiyo yakaratidza mukana wakakura wekubatanidzwa nezvakanaka (mupfungwa yekushanduka-shanduka) majini, uye autism chete ndiyo "yakapona" pakuyedzwa kwese kwehuwandu. Polimanti naGelernter vanofungidzira kuti "mamwe madambudziko eASD ane njodzi [majini akasiyana-siyana] anga ari musarudzo yakanaka panguva yekushanduka kwevanhu nekuda kwekubata kwavo neurogeneis uye kugona kugona kuziva." Mune mamwe mazwi, mamwe emhando dzakasiyana dzemagenesi dzakabatana ne autism zvakare dzakabatana zvakanyanya nehungwaru hwepamusoro. "Akangwara" majini anobatsira kubva kune yekushanduka maonero, saka anoramba.

Hooray! Mhedziso yavo inosimbisa kutenda kwangu: kutsvagisa kunoitirwa kupedza autism kwakarasika. Ndakaita nharo kakawanda kuti vanhu havazive zvakakwana kuti vanzwisise zvatinoparadza pamwe nehunhu "husingafadzi" hwatinotsvaga kubvisa. Uye izvozvi kwauya aya maviri masayendisiti achiti mazhinji emhando dzakasiyana dzeatism dzinobatsirawo pakukwirisa kugona. Hapana anoziva kuti majini aya anopindirana sei kukonzera autism kana ungwaru. Hapana anonzwisisa kuti ndeapi mamwe majeni akakosha mukukonzera kuti munhu aunze neatism, huchenjeri hwepamusoro, kana zvese zviri zviviri. Hatizive zvinhu zvakawanda.

Tinogona kutanga, zvakadaro, nekubvuma mazano maviri anogamuchirwa. Yekutanga, iyo yandakatotaridza kare, ndeyekuti akasiyana majini anorembera pamazera mazhinji anorembera pane chikonzero. Chechipiri ndechekuti Mutemo weMhedzisiro Isingafungidzirwe unobata biology sezvainoita kune geopolitics (Rangarira chirevo chakakurumbira chaDonald Rumsfeld kune "zvisingazivikanwe zvisingazivikanwe."). Zviito zvine mhedzisiro isiri chikamu chechinangwa chemutambi. Isu tave kusimudzira kugona kudimbura tambo dzeDNA yatisingade kushandisa CRISPR-9 tekinoroji. Kucheka kwakanangwa kwakadaro kunogona kunge kuri zano rakanaka rekenza, tichifunga kuti geni rakakodzera rakanyatsozivikanwa, asi hunhu hwemitsipa hwakaitwa polygenic, zvichireva kuti zvinosanganisira kusangana kwemajini mazhinji. Uye mazhinji emajini iwayo anoita kunge anoita basa mune anopfuura hunhu hunhu. Meseji kumasayendisiti: chenjera izvo zvaunoshuvira, nekuti iwe unozonyatso kuzviwana iwe munyika yezvisingazivikanwe - mamiriro awusina kumbofunga - kana iwe uchichinja chero nharaunda.

Tichitarisa kupfuura chinyorwa chepepa, mibvunzo mishoma inobuda. Chekutanga pane zvese, autism inowanzo kuve yakabatana neakaderera kugona kugona. (ICentre for Disease Control's yekufungidzira ichangoburwa inoratidza kuti vangangoita makumi matanhatu kubva muzana yevanhu vane autistic vane hurema hwekuziva, kunyange hazvo kuwanda kwehuwandu hwevanhu vane mukurumbira kusavimbika.) Majini anoita sei kodhi yehungwaru hwepamusoro zvakare kodhi yehungwaru hwakaderera? Mhinduro pfupi ndeyekuti hapana anoziva. Mhinduro yakati rebei zvishoma ndeyekuti mamwe majeni, kunze kweaya anozivikanwa pano, anofanirwa kuverengerwa mukugona kwekuziva. Mhinduro yakareba, imwe inofungidzirwa neye biologist B. Crespi, ndeyekuti autism inoratidza kusaenzana mukukudziridzwa kwezvikamu zvehungwaru. Hukuru hwehuropi saizi, cortical ukobvu uye mamwe akawanda maitiro anosanganisirwa neese maviri epamusoro ungwaru uye autism, asi kukwirira kwekuziva kugona kunoratidzika kunge kunodawo kubatana kweanural kunotambanuka kupfuura madaro marefu mukati mehuropi. Kazhinji autistic vanhu vane yakakwira kupfuura avhareji neural chiitiko, asi iyo iri yega yakasarudzika mukati mezvikamu zvehuropi. "Zvimwe kana zvimwe zvikamu zvehungwaru zvinowedzerwa, asi nenzira yekuti kazhinji kuita kwacho kunodzikiswa." Zvichida iyi nzira yekufunga ichave yakasimbiswa nekuenderera mberi nekutsvaga.

Mumwe mubvunzo icho chinyorwa chinomuka ndechekuti: isu tinorevei nenjere? Sezvandakaona kare, Howard Gardner akachinja kunzwisisa kwedu kwehungwaru paakatsanangura pfungwa yeakawanda mazano. Vanyori vechidzidzo vanoshandisa kutaura kwekugona kugona uko kunosanganisira makore ekuchikoro, kupedzisa koreji, IQ yemwana, uye kuvhurika kweruzivo. Crespi anotarisa hunhu uhu zvakare, kunyange achiwedzera mamwe akati wandei. Anobva avashandisa zvakare kufunga kuti "iyo autism inomiririra zvakanyanya kusagadzikana kwehungwaru hwepamusoro (uye kufunga kwakadzika), uye schizophrenia kusagadzikana kwekufungidzira kwepamusoro (uye nehungwaru hwakaderera)." Anoenderera mberi nekutaura kuti vazhinji vevanhurume vane autistic nekuti varume vari nane pakugadzirisa, hunyanzvi hwakakosha mune izvi zviyero zvehungwaru. Tsitsi nekufungidzira hazviverenge seyakakosha matanho ehungwaru. Kubva pamaonero angu, matanho anoita kunge anoratidza kusasarura uye kunzwisisa kushoma kwehungwaru. Nekudaro, ini ndinopa zviri nyore kuti kunzwisisa kwangu kwega kwehungwaru matanho ari kushandiswa ane parinogumira, saka ndinosiya yakavhura mukana wakasiyana wekuti ndatsanangura zvisizvo tsvagiridzo.

Ndichidzokera kutsananguro yekudzidza kunyangwe, ini ndinotsigira zvakasimba mutsara wekutsvaga. Kuongorora dzidziso yekushanduka kweatism (uye neschizophrenia, iyo yakaratidzwa mune kumwe kutsvagurudza kuti ive ne "shanduko" yakasimba yekushanduka) zvinotikurudzira kubvunza mibvunzo inehunhu nemibvunzo yemitemo kubva panzvimbo yepamusoro inokudza autism. Inguva yekuti kufunga kwedu kushanduke.

Autism Inokosha Inoverengwa

Zvidzidzo Kubva Kumunda: Autism uye COVID-19 Hutano hwepfungwa