Rutivi rweMagariro rweNikotini

"Kusiya kusvuta ndicho chinhu chiri nyore kwazvo pasi rose. Ndinoziva nekuti ndakazviita mazana ezviuru." "- Mako Twain.

Sei vanhu vaine dambudziko rakawanda rekurega kusvuta?

Zviri pachena ruzivo rwakajairika kuti kushandiswa kwefodya ndiyo imwe inonyanya kuzivikanwa nenjodzi dzehutano. Muchokwadi, huwandu hunoratidza kuti huwandu hwevakafa hunosunganidzwa nekushandisa fodya gore rega rega hwakakura kupfuura kufa kubva kuHIV, kushandisa zvinodhaka nedoro zvisiri pamutemo, tsaona dzemotokari, uye kufa kwechisimba kusanganiswa . Pamwe pamwe nekuwedzera njodzi yemakenza mazhinji, chirwere chemwoyo, chirwere cheshuga, pamwe nehumwe hutachiona hwakakomba, kushandiswa kwefodya kunosanganisirwa nekuderedza kubereka, hutano husina hutano, kusaenda kubasa zvakanyanya, uye mutengo wakakura wehutano.

Kunyangwe izvi chokwadi chehutano chiri kuzivikanwa zvakanyanya, pane imwezve tsananguro yekushandisa fodya inoda kutariswa: Iri zvikuru kupindwa muropa. Sekureva kwenhamba dzeWorld Health Organisation, kune vanhu vanopfuura bhiriyoni vanosvuta pasi rese (kusanganisira vangangoita 16 muzana yevaAmerican vese). Paavhareji, makumi manomwe neshanu muzana evasvuti vese vanotaura vachida kurega pane imwe nguva, asi vazhinji vacho vanopedzisira vodzokazve pakupedzisira.

Mukuyedza kunzwisisa kuti chii chinoita kuti fodya ipinde muropa, vaongorori vakaongorora kuti nicotine nemamwe makemikari anowanikwa mufodya anogona kukanganisa sei pfungwa dzevanhu. Zvirokwazvo pane humbowo hunoratidza kuti kusingaperi kwekushandisa fodya kunogona kutungamira mukutsamira panyama uye nemhedzisiro yekusiya yakafanana nezvinoitika nezvimwe zvinokanganisa pfungwa.

Asi izvi zvakakwana here kuti utsanangure kuti sei vanhu vachikurumidza kudzokazve? Meta-ongororo nyowani yakaburitswa mupepanhau Ongororo uye Clinical Psychology anopikisa kuti haisi. Yakanyorwa naLea M. Martin naMichael A. Sayette weUniversity yePittsburgh, tsvagiridzo yavo inoongorora basa iro rinogona kuitiswa nevanhu mukusvuta uye kuti izvi zvinogona kurevei kune vanhu vari kuyedza kurega.

Sekutaura kunoita Martin naSayette muongororo yavo, kupindwa muropa nechikakananda hakuna kukwana pachako kutsanangura kuti sei vanoputa vachinetseka kurega. Kunyangwe nicotine kutsiva kurapa kuri kuwanikwa zvakanyanya, iro chairo budiriro rekubatsira vanhu kurega kuputa rave rakadzikama zvakanyanya. Zvakare, vanhu vanoputa zvavo vanowanzova nedambudziko rakawandisa rekurega sevasingapute vanoputa - kunyangwe ivo vasiri kutora muyero weicotine inodiwa kuti ibudise mhedzisiro yekurega.

Mumakore achangopfuura, vaongorori vanga vachinyatso tarisa pamanzwiro uye nemagariro zvinhu zvekushandisa fodya uye nemabatiro avangaite kusimbisa kudiwa kwefodya kune vanhu vazhinji. Semuenzaniso, zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti kusvuta kunowanzoitika kune vanhu vari kutarisana nematambudziko enharaunda kana vakasarudzika nenzanga. Izvi zvinosanganisira vanhu vanotambura nemhando dzakasiyana dzehurwere hwepfungwa, avo vangango puta zvakapetwa kaviri zvichienzaniswa nevanhu vasina chirwere chepfungwa.

Kusvuta zvakare kwakajairika muvanhu vemujeri uko midzanga nefodya zvazova mari isina kurongwa inochinjana pakati pevasungwa. Kusvuta kunowanzoitika kazhinji muvashoma vanhu (kusanganisira verudzi uye vepabonde vashoma), pamwe nepakati pevanhu vane mwero wakaderera wedzidzo uye mamiriro ezvehupfumi. Mazhinji emapoka akaremerwa akafanana anoratidza zvakanyanya kukoshesa hutano hwekuchengetedza, pamwe nekuve nemikana mishoma yekubudirira pakurega kupfuura huwandu hwevanhu.

Chimwe chinhu icho chave chakanyanya kuregeredzwa nevatsvagiridzi kusvika parizvino ibasa iro rinotamba fodya panguva yekutandara. Sekureva kweimwe ongororo ya2009, chinenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chefodya dzose dzinoputwa dzinoputwa nevanhu vari munharaunda, uye vazhinji vanosvuta, kana vachiona vamwe vanhu vachiputa, vanowanzo svutira ivo. Kunyangwe kana tichifananidza vanowanzo puta kune avo vanongoputa apo neapo, iyi pateni inoramba yakasimudza.

Mune ongororo dzichangobva kuitwa kubva kuUnited Kingdom, vanosvuta vanowanzoona kushamwaridzana sechimwe chezvikonzero zvavo zvekusvuta, chimwe chinhu chinonyanya kuitika kune vanoputa vari pasi pemakore makumi matatu nemashanu. ita saizvozvo kumafaro senzira yekusanganisa nevanhu.

Kunyangwe ichi chinongedzo pakati pekusvuta uye kushamwaridzana chine kufanana kunonakidza nezvimwe zvinopinda muropa, senge doro nembanje, zvakadaro hazvisi pachena kuti nei kubatana kwakadai kuripo. Izvi zvinotisvitsa kune iro rinogona kuita basa iro nicotine kutsamira uye kurega kunogona kutamba mukudyidzana kushanda. Mune yavo meta-ongororo, Martin naSayette vakaongorora gumi neshanu yekuyedza kuyedza kuyedza kushandiswa kwechikotini muvanhu vakasiyana, kusanganisira vasingaputi, kuona kuti nicotine kuratidzwa kwakakanganisa sei hunhu hwemagariro. Dzidzo dzakashandisa nzira dzakasiyana siyana dzekupa chikakananda kune vatori vechikamu, kusanganisira kushandiswa kwefodya, nicotine chingamu, kupuruzira mumhino, uye zvigamba zveicotine. Kugarisana nevamwe kwakayerwa nekwanisi yekutora zvisiri zvemagariro cues, senge kumeso kumeso, kushandisa mukati-munhu uye komputa-inofambidzana.

Kubva pamhedzisiro yavo, Martin naSayette vakawana humbowo hwakasimba hwekuti nicotine kushandiswa kunobatsira kusimudzira mashandiro enharaunda. Havana kungoita vatori vechikamu vekuzvitsanangura sevane hushamwari, vanowedzera kupokana, uye vasinganetseke munharaunda mushure mekumedza chikakananda, asi kushandisa nicotine kwakabatsira kusimudzira kuziva kwehukama nehunhu zvichienzaniswa nevatori vechikamu vaive varega kushandisa nicotine kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana kana kupfuura. Zvimwe zveongororo zvakare zvakaratidza kuti vanhu vane chirwere chekubvisa nicotine vakasangana nematambudziko akakura nekushanda kwevanhu vachienzaniswa nevasiri vashandisi.

Zvinoratidzwa nemhedzisiro iyi ndezvekuti vanhu vangangosangana nekushushikana kwakakura kusangana, kungave nekuda kwematambudziko epfungwa kana zvimwe zvinhu, vanogona kuve vanovimba nefodya senzira yekukunda kunetseka munharaunda. Izvi zvinobatsirawo kutsanangura kuti sei kurega kuputa kungave kwakaomera vanhu vazhinji, vanozviona zvichidikanwa mukudyidzana nevamwe.

Zvakare, sezvo vaputi vaine mukana wekudyidzana nevamwe vanoputa, kuyedza kurega kuputa kunorevawo kudzikisira pamagariro munzvimbo iyo fodya iri kushandiswa zvakanyanya uye, semhedzisiro, kuve wakanyanya kusurukirwa paunenge uchitsvaga hushamwari hutsva uye netiweki dzekudyidzana umo fodya haina kushandiswa. Zvese izvo zvinogona kuita matambudziko senge nicotine kuregera zvakanyanya kunetsa kukunda, nekuti vanhu vazhinji vanogona kunge vasina kugadzirira kubata izvo zvinogona kureva izvi mukushanda kwavo munharaunda, zvirinani munguva pfupi.

Kunyangwe paine kutsvagurudza kuri kudikanwa, izvi zvidzidzo zvinoratidza basa iro chikakananda kushandisa uye nicotine kurega kunogona kutamba muhupenyu hwevanhu vanoputa. Kunyangwe vazhinji vanoputa vachiedza kurega pane imwe nguva, iyi link iri pakati pekushandisa nicotine uye mashandiro enharaunda inobatsira kutsanangura chikonzero nei kudzokerazve kuchiramba kuchizivikanwa. Kunyangwe ichi chinongedzo chave kunyanya kufuratirwa kusvika parizvino, kuziva kuti magariro munharaunda anogona sei kusimbisa chikakananda kunogona kupa kunzwisiswa kuri nani kwekuti nei kuputa kuchikwanisa kupindwa muropa. Uye, nekufamba kwenguva, inogona kuvhurira nzira nzira dzinoshanda kubatsira vaputi kurega zvachose.