Iwo Makumi gumi Ekare maYunivhesiti Munyika

Zvemukati

• Aya ndiwo mayunivhesiti ekaresa munyika, nenzvimbo yavo uye gore ravo renheyo.
• Aya ndiwo mayunivhesiti ekaresa munyika, uye nekwavari
• 1. Yunivhesiti yeBoli, Italy (1088)
• 2. Yunivhesiti yeOxford, UK (1096)
• 3. Yunivhesiti yeCambridge, UK (1209)
• 4. Yunivhesiti yeSalamanca, Spain (1218)
• 5. Yunivhesiti yePadua, Italy (1222)
• 6. Yunivhesiti yeNaples Federico II, Italy (1224)
• 7. Yunivhesiti yeSiena, Italy (1240)
• 8. Yunivhesiti yeValladolid, Spain (1241)
• 9. Yunivhesiti yeMurcia, Spain (1272)
• 10. Yunivhesiti yeCoimbra, Portugal (1290)
• Special kutaurwa
• 1. Nalanda University, India (450)
• 2. Yunivhesiti yeAl-Karaouine, Morocco (859)
• 3.Al-Azhar University, Egypt (972)
• 4. Al-Nizamiyya University, Iraq (1065)

Aya ndiwo mayunivhesiti ekaresa munyika, nenzvimbo yavo uye gore ravo renheyo.

Kana isu tichitaura nezve mayunivhesiti, nzvimbo dzinouya mupfungwa apo vanhu vazhinji, dzimwe nguva vanobva kunzvimbo dziri kure kwazvo, vanogovana mhando dzese dzeruzivo, vachikurudzira kuratidzira uye kufunga kwakadzama.

Kunyangwe nhasi paine zviuru zvemayunivhesiti atinogona kuwana kutenderera pasirese, pakutanga masangano aya aive mashoma uye aive akaganhurirwa kuEuropean continent, zvirinani kana tichitsvaga masangano anoenderana netsananguro yekare ye "yunivhesiti".

Pazasi isu tichawana ayo ari mayunivhesiti ekare pasi rose, pamusoro pekuona mavambo avo uye isu tichatora iwo mukana kunyatso taura nezve masosi ayo, kunyangwe iwo asina kubuda semayunivhesiti, ane zvakawanda zvekuita nawo.

Aya ndiwo mayunivhesiti ekaresa munyika, uye nekwavari

Mayunivhesiti inzvimbo dzekugovana tsika, ruzivo rwemarudzi ese uye vanosimudzira ekufunga kwakadzama uye kuratidzira. Nyika isina mayunivhesiti inyika yakashomeka, iyo isina zvakawanda zvekupa iyo yepasirese maererano netsika nedzidzo. Masayunivhesiti ave, zvirinani munyika yekutanga, hupfumi uye tsika enjini sezvakakosha seindasitiri, zvekutengeserana nekushanya.

Iwo ekutanga masangano anoshevedzwa nemazvo "mayunivhesiti" ane mavambo awo mukati medieval Europe. Panguva ino paive nenzvimbo dzinodaidzwa kuti "studium generale" kana "general kudzidza", nzvimbo dzaidzidziswa dzakasiyana siyana.

Nekudaro, zvidzidzo zvakajairika zvainge zvakatangira muzvikoro zvekare zvevafundisi izvo zvakavhura mikova yavo kune varume vasiri vechitendero. Kunyangwe hazvo zita rekuti "yunivhesiti" raisazooneka kusvika muna 1254, kune nzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzekudzidzisa risati rasvika zuva iri raionekwa semayunivhesiti ekutanga.

1. Yunivhesiti yeBoli, Italy (1088)

Hazvizivikanwe nechokwadi kuti University of Bologna yakavambwa riini, asi zvinogamuchirwa kuti inofanira kunge yaive makore ekuma1088. Iyi ndiyo yunivhesiti yekutanga yakavambwa, kunyangwe iro izwi rekuti "yunivhesiti" uye zano shure kwayo raisazobuda kusvika mazana maviri emakore. gare gare.

Yunivhesiti yeBologna inozivikanwa nekutanga zvidzidzo zvepamusoro zvepamusoro muWestern world uye, kwemakore makumi matatu, kwave kuri iko iko kwakatangira Chibvumirano cheBolgna, neiyo yunivhesiti yeEuropean inoratidzira zvirongwa zvekudzidza zvakasimbisa kufambisa kwedzidzo senzira yekugadzirisa kuzivana kwenyaya dzezvikwereti zvedzidzo.

Pakutanga aive nyanzvi mumutemo uye aive nemukurumbira mukuru muchirango ichi. Pakati pevanyori vezvakaitika kare vakapinda makirasi ake isu tine vanhu vakaita saDante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca, Thomas Becket, Erasmus weRotterdam, Copernicus, Marconi naUmberto Eco. Nhasi vanenge 80,000 vadzidzi vakanyoreswa.

2. Yunivhesiti yeOxford, UK (1096)

Sezvo neBologna, hazvizivikanwe zvechokwadi kuti iyo Yunivhesiti yeOxford yakavambwa riini, tichiyeuka kuti yaifanira kunge yaive makore 1096. Muna 1167 King Henry II weEngland akarambidza maChirungu kudzidza kuFrance, iyo Iyo nhamba yevadzidzi kuyunivhesiti iyi yakawedzera uye, kubvira ipapo, yakave inzvimbo yepamusoro yekudzidza munyika yeAnglo-Saxon. Izvo parizvino inozivikanwa kwazvo nezvayo zvehurongwa hwevanhu.

Pakati pevadzidzi vake vane mukurumbira tine John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Bill Clinton, Tony Blair, Indira Ghandi, Adam Smith, Albert Einstein, Erwin Schrödinger, Robert Hooke, Robert Boyle, Stephen Hawking naRichard Dawkins. Vanenge makumi mashanu evanopedza kudzidza vakave vaiwana mubayiro weNobel uye, nhasi, ino institution inogamuchira vadzidzi ve20,000, vakanyatsosarudzwa nekuda kwavo.

3. Yunivhesiti yeCambridge, UK (1209)

Kuvambwa kweYunivhesiti yeCambridge kune zvakawanda zvine chekuita neOxford. Muna 1209 boka revadzidzi veOxford rakasiya nzvimbo ichigara muCambridge mushure mekuurayiwa kwevadzidzi vaviri vakapomerwa kubatwa chibharo. Nekufamba kwenguva, Cambridge yakagadzwa senzvimbo yakabudirira uye inovhenekesa nharaunda yevadzidzi uye, pakazosvika 1231, yunivhesiti iyi yakagamuchira mvumo nekudzivirirwa kwaHenry III. Kunze kweizvi kwaizobuda makwikwi enhoroondo pakati peOxford neCambridge, inoenderera nanhasi.

Vadzidzi vake vakakurumbira nevadzidzisi vanosanganisira Sir Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin, Sir Francis Bacon, Stephen Hawking, Hugh Laurie, Stephen Fry, John Milton, Alan Turing, Charles weWales, Emma Thompson, naSacha Baron Cohen. Iyo inoshamisa kupfuura Oxford, nekuti Cambridge yakaburitsa vanosvika makumi mapfumbamwe maNobel. Anotanhamara kunyanya musainzi.

4. Yunivhesiti yeSalamanca, Spain (1218)

Muna 1218 kudzidza kwese kweSalamanca kwakavambwa, gore rinotorwa sezuva rekutanga yeyunivhesiti yazvino. Muna 1253 Yunivhesiti yeSalamanca yakagamuchira zita iri nemutemo waMambo Alfonso X Wenjere, kuve yunivhesiti yekare kwazvo inotaura chiSpanish pasi rese. Muna 1255 Pope Alexander IV akacherekedza huchokwadi hwemadhigirii aipihwa mariri, uye akamupa mukana wekuva nechisimbiso chake.

Kubva payakatangwa, yakaramba ichishanda kweanoda kusvika mazana masere emakore, iine pakati pevadzidzi vayo manhamba akakosha enhoroondo yeSpanish netsika saFray Luis de León, Fernando de Rojas, Hernán Cortés, Luis de Góngora, Calderón de la Barca naMiguel de Unamuno, aive asiri mudzidzi chete asiwo rector. Parizvino ine vadzidzi zviuru makumi matatu.

5. Yunivhesiti yePadua, Italy (1222)

Sezvakaitika kuOxford neCambridge, kuItari kwaivewo nekuparadzaniswa. Muna 1222 boka revadzidzi uye mapurofesa kubva kuYunivhesiti yeBoli, kuda rusununguko rukuru rwekutaura, akatamira kuPadua uye, ipapo, yakavamba izvo zvaizopedzisira zvave University nyowani.

Pakati pevadzidzi vakakurumbira venzvimbo ino tine vanhu vakaita saNicolás Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Gabriele Falloppio naMario Rizzetto. Nhasi ine vadzidzi zviuru makumi matanhatu.

6. Yunivhesiti yeNaples Federico II, Italy (1224)

Iri sangano rakavambwa naFrederick II muna 1224, kunyangwe zita ramambo risina kuwedzerwa kusvika 1987. Iyo University yeNaples yakanga iri yunivhesiti yekutanga yenyika uye, nhasi, ine vadzidzi zviuru zana.

7. Yunivhesiti yeSiena, Italy (1240)

Yunivhesiti yeSiena yakavambwa mu1240 uye yakagamuchira kukomborerwa kwapapa mu1252. Pakati pevadzidzisi vayo vane mukurumbira isu tine Pietro Ispano, uyo akazove Pope John XXI.

Iri sangano rinonyanya kuzivikanwa nezvikoro zvaro zveMutemo neMishonga, ichigamuchira vamwe vadzidzi zviuru makumi maviri pagore.

8. Yunivhesiti yeValladolid, Spain (1241)

Yunivhesiti yeValladolid iri imwe yemasangano epamusoro ekare atinogona kuwana muSpain. Semamwe mayunivhesiti mazhinji eEuropean, kune dzidziso dzinoverengeka nezve hwaro hwayo, iyo inogamuchirwa zvakanyanya ndeyekuti yakavambwa mu1241 uye inofungidzirwa kuti yaive mhedzisiro yekuchinjiswa kweGeneral Study yePalencia. Parizvino ine vangangoita 25,000 vadzidzi.

9. Yunivhesiti yeMurcia, Spain (1272)

Kunyangwe ichiwanzo kutaurwa kuti yakavambwa naAlfonso X muna 1272, haina kunyatsojeka. Kunyangwe parizvino iri yunivhesiti isina mwero, yakafukidzwa nemamwe masangano yakavambwa gare gare seYunivhesiti yeBarcelona, ​​iyo Complutense yeMadrid kana iyo University yeValencia, zvave imwe yeakakurumbira etsika tsika mukati meMiddle Ages. Parizvino ine vangangoita zviuru makumi matatu vadzidzi.

10. Yunivhesiti yeCoimbra, Portugal (1290)

Yunivhesiti yeCoimbra yakavambwa naMambo Dionysius I wePortugal muna 1290, achitambira gore rimwe chete icho chikomborero chapapa. Muna 1377 yunivhesiti yakaendeswa kuguta guru, Lisbon, kwaakaramba kusvikira 1537 payakadzokera kuCoimbra. Kubva munaJune 2013 ine rukudzo rwekutorwa seNzvimbo Yenzvimbo Yenyika uye, parizvino, vamwe vanhu zviuru makumi maviri vanodzidza ipapo. Inopa zita rayo kuboka reCoimbra, mubatanidzwa unounza pamwechete mayunivhesiti epamusoro makumi matatu nemasere muEurope, kusanganisira Salamanca.

Special kutaurwa

Sezvatakataura, pfungwa ye "yunivhesiti" ndeyeEurope. Mumavambo ayo aive Papa weRome uyo akatora kodzero yekuziva nzvimbo yekudzidzisa seyunivhesiti kuburikidza nemabhuru epapa akazvisimbisa. Mune mamwe mazwi, Chechi yeKaturike ndiyo yakasarudza kana kupa dhigirii rekuyunivhesiti kunzvimbo yepamusoro yedzidzo. Ichi ndicho chikonzero, kunyatsotaura uye kutora pfungwa yepakati pekumadokero yeyunivhesiti, yeIslam, Buddhist kana yepasirese institution yakanga isiri yunivhesiti nekuti yakanga isati yazivikanwa saizvozvi naPope uye yakanga isiri yechiKristu.

Asi izvi hazvichisiri izvo. Nhasi uno mayunivhesiti chete akavambwa nekutenderwa neChechi yeKaturike ndeaya anozvidaidza kuti mayunivhesiti eKatorike. Iwo anopfuura makumi maviri emayunivhesiti kutenderera pasirese haana kugamuchira madhigirii avo nekuti Pope akasarudza kudaro, asi nekuti vakasangana nenzira dzakasiyana siyana kuti vaonekwe senzvimbo dzepamusoro dzekuparadzira ruzivo rwemarudzi ese.

Yunivhesiti inonzwisiswa senzvimbo inogoveranwa mhando dzese dzezivo, kungave kune hukama nechitendero. Kana isu tikatora izvi mukutarisa uye kuongorora nzvimbo dzakashandisa basa iri munhoroondo yese, isu tine mayunivhesiti ekunze kweEurope ayo akura zvakanyanya kupfuura iyo University of Bologna. Muchokwadi, isu taigona kutaura kuti yunivhesiti yekutanga yakavambwa muEurope ichave Plato's Academy muAthens, kutenderedza 388 BC, iyo vazhinji vanofunga kuti yakashanda semuenzaniso kumayunivhesiti ekare.

Tevere isu tichaenda kutsvaga mana emahofisi edzidzo ayo anogona kunyatso kutorwa semayunivhesiti, chero sezvavakashanda senzvimbo dzedzidzo yepamusoro.

1. Nalanda University, India (450)

Nalanda University yaive inzvimbo yechiBhudha yakavambwa muna 1193, iyo yakanyangarika makore mazana masere mushure mevaMuslim veTurkey vachitungamirwa naMuhammad Bajtiar Jalgi. Muzuva rayo raive riine huwandu hweyunivhesiti hwevadzidzi zviuru gumi. Yakavambwa-zvekare mu2014 pane imwe kambasi nyowani iri makiromita gumi kubva kwayakange iriko.

2. Yunivhesiti yeAl-Karaouine, Morocco (859)

Al-Karaouine kana Qarawiyyin University pamwe ndiyo yunivhesiti yekare kwazvo inoshanda pasi rese.

Inowanikwa muFez, Morocco, nyaya iri kumashure kwekutanga kwayo inonakidza kwazvo, nekuti ndeimwe yemayunivhesiti mashoma kwazvo pasirese akavakwa nemukadzi, Fatima al-Fihri, wedzidzo yakanaka nehupfumi, uyo aitsanya Makore 18 zvakatora kuvaka iyi yunivhesiti. Zvinotyisa ndezvokuti, vakadzi venguva pfupi vakabvumidzwa kunyoresa musangano.

Iyi yunivhesiti inosanganisirwa muUNESCO uye zvakare inowanikwa muGuinness Book of Records. Kunyangwe izvi, zita re "yunivhesiti" pachayo rakagamuchirwa mu1963, kusiya chimiro chayo chekare semadrassa. Kushanda kwaro kwepakutanga kwakatosiyana neyazvino, nekuti kwayakatangira yaive nzvimbo yeIslam yekudzidzisa senge chero imwe, nepo nhasi yashandisa dzidziso yekunyika.

3.Al-Azhar University, Egypt (972)

Imwe yunivhesiti yakakosha munyika yeIslam ndiAl-Azhar. Inowanikwa muCairo, iyi yunivhesiti, parizvino yepanyika, anga ari echinyakare dzidzo-chitendero chinzvimbo munyika yeMuslim. Inoonekwa seyepamusoro-soro, kunyanya kana iwe uchidzidza chitendero cheSunni.

4. Al-Nizamiyya University, Iraq (1065)

Pakupedzisira isu tine Al-Nizamiyya University yeBaghdad. Pakutanga, chaive chikamu chezviteedzana zvezvikoro izvo dzakagadzwa naNizam al-Mulk, mutungamiriri wenyika yeIran, vizier yemasultans eSeljuk. Dzidzo yayo yepakutanga yaisanganisira zvidzidzo zvechitendero cheIslam, zvinyorwa zveArabic, mutemo wechiIslam, ndokuti, Sharia, uye arithmetic. Nenzira imwechete iyo iyo University of Bologna yakashanda semuenzaniso kune akazotevera mayunivhesiti eEurope, Al-Nizamiyya akashanda kumayunivhesiti enyika yeArabhu.