Mozart uye iyo Effort Paradox

Iyi blog post yaive yakanyorwa-pamwe naJoachim Krueger, Tanushri Sundar, Erin Gresalfi, naAna Cohenuram.

“Hapana chinhu chiri munyika chakakodzera kuve nacho kana chakakosha kuita kunze kwekunge zvichireva kushanda nesimba, kurwadziwa, kuomerwa ... handisati ndamboita muhupenyu hwangu ndichichiva munhu akararama hupenyu hwakareruka. Ndakagodora vanhu vazhinji vairarama hupenyu hwakaoma uye vachivatungamira zvakanaka. ” --Theodore Roosevelt ("Zvinangwa zveAmerica mu Dzidzo," 1910)

Kubatana pakati pekuedza nekubudirira kwakazara nekupesana. Iyo "yekuedza kupokana" ndiko kusawirirana pakati pezvinowanzoitika simba rekuedza uye zvinokurudzira zvega zvega kusarudza zvinoshanda mabasa (Inzlicht et al., 2018). Nepo echinyakare ehupfumi mamodheru achibata kuedza semubhadharo, kushingairira pachezvako kunogona kuwedzera kukosha kune zvakawanikwa mhedzisiro kana kuve wekuzvarwa mubayiro. Funga, semuenzaniso, kekupedzisira iwe kuverenga iwe kwekunakidzwa kana kunakidzwa nemutambo unonetsa wechess. Kunakidzwa kwakadaro kunogona kuratidza kugutsikana kwe "kudiwa kwekuziva," tsika yekuda kuita mukufunga kwakasimba (Cacioppo et al., 1996).

Iko kushamisika kwekuedza kunopfuura kupfuura iwe pachako. Dambudziko re "Ice Bucket", semuenzaniso, rakakurumidza kumhanyisa kumhanya kweamyotrophic lateral sclerosis research (als.org). Vatori vechikamu vakadururira migomo yemvura inotonhora pamisoro yavo, vakapa kumasangano eALS, uye vakakurudzira shamwari dzavo kuita zvakafanana. Uku ndiko kufa kwekufira muchiito. Tikanyanya kutambura nekuda kwechinangwa chekupa, ndopatinopa zvakare. Uye vamwe pavanotambura nekuda kwechipo, ndipo patinopa zvakanyanya (Olivola & Shafir, 2018). Uku kuwedzerwa kwekuedza kunetseka kune vamwe kunowedzera nuance kune yekuedza-kukosha hukama uye kunomutsa mubvunzo unonakidza. Isu tinosarudza mhedzisiro yevamwe vanhu kuti tiitwe nesimba?

Mhinduro inonzwisisika ndi "hongu." Tinoda kuti vanhu vashandire kubudirira kwavo, saka tinovabata kune akakwirira emazinga ekuedza. Iyo yekufungidzira kuuraya kwaWolfgang Amadeus Mozart nemukwikwidzi wake Antonio Salieri anotaura kune ichi chiitiko. Kunyangwe Mozart angangodaro akafa nechirwere (Borowitz, 1973), pfungwa yeSalieri semhondi ine godo yakafadza vateereri kwemazana emakore. Mumufirimu unotsoropodzwa Amadeus (1984), anonamata Salieri anotambura nekutenda kwake, asingakwanise kunzwisisa kuti sei Mwari achizopa hunyanzvi hwemimhanzi kune mukomana asina kusimba uye dzimwe nguva anosemesa. Chipo chaMozart chinouya zvakare nyore, Salieri anochema. Haana kuiwana. Salieri anotambudzwa nemubvunzo watinawo tese, pane imwe nguva, wakazvibvunza isu: Kana chipo chakadai chiripo, nei ndisina kuchipihwa?

Iyi nyaya yeprodigy shanje inoenderera nekuti inonzwika. Kuburikidza nemano ekuzvarwa nawo, prodigies uye Wunderkinder bvisa kubatana pakati pekuedza nekubudirira, uye kuratidzwa kwakadai kwekugona kusingatsigirwi kunomutsa maitiro akaomarara kubva kune avo vasingagovane chipo chimwe chete.

Kufuridzirwa nemumhanzi naMozart, takagadzira paradigm yekuyera kukoshesa kwekuedza kwevamwe. Isu takagadzira mapfumbamwe akasiyana ekuedza-mhedzisiro zviitiko nekuyambuka matatu nhanho ehunyanzvi (yakanaka, yakanaka, yepasirese kirasi) muchiridzwa chakagadzirwa-chemimhanzi, iyo milano , nemaawa ekudzidzira (1 awa, maawa mashanu, maawa masere pazuva). Dhizaini inoratidzwa mumufananidzo uri pamusoro. MuChidzidzo 1, takabvunza vakapindura kuti vaise ivo vega-mhedzisiro zviitiko zvavo, uye muChidzidzo chechipiri takavabvunza kuti vaise muyedzo-mhedzisiro mamiriro kune mumwe wezera rako. Isu takafanotaura kuti vakapindura muChidzidzo 1 vangangoda mamiriro ekushomeka uye kubudirira zvakanyanya zvichienderana nemutengo wekusada, uye takafungidzira kuti vakapindura muChidzidzo chechipiri vaizoratidza hukama hwakasimba pakati pekuedza nekubudirira, nemamiriro "akawanikwa nesimba" ari iwo anodiwa kwazvo .

Mhedzisiro - inoratidzwa mumufananidzo pazasi - yakawanikwa kubva kuvadzidzi mune kosi yemufaro. Kune vese ivo pachavo uye nevamwe, vakapindura vakasarudza shoma yekudzidzira nguva uye kuwedzera kugona. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinowirirana nezvinowanzoitika mukuedza sekudyara kunodhura. Kunyangwe isu takagamuchira zano rekuti kuedza kwekushamisika kwaizobuda muChidzidzo 1, takafanotaura nenzira kwayo kuti hedonistic, ndokuti, kuedza-kupesana, maonero achakunda. Nepo kuedza kuchinyakare kuchionekwa sechikonzero chemukati chebudiriro (Weiner, 1985), yedu paradigm inobata kushanda sesarudzo yekunze. Nekudaro, sarudzo yemunhu anopindura inogona kunge yaingova nemhedzisiro isina kusimba pamanzwiro ehunhu, uye vapindura vanogona kunge vakawana pundutso pashoma pabasa rekuedza kupfuura zvaidiwa. Chidzidzo 1 nokudaro chinosimbisa pfungwa yekuti kushingirira mutengo muripo mu milano paradigm.

Chiedza chekushamisika chinobuda apo iyo data yeChidzidzo 1 ichienzaniswa nedata reChidzidzo 2. Isu takabata mamiriro ekunyanyisa (1 awa, yepasi rose) seyenzanisiro yeheuristic pakati pekuzvida- uye nezvimwe- maererano nezvido. A Welch maviri-sampuli t- bvunzo yakaratidza kuti vatori vechikamu makumi maviri nevaviri muboka rekuzviyera ( M = 1.57, SD = 1.65) zvichienzaniswa nevatori vechikamu 109 mune rimwe boka rezviyero ( M = 2.45, SD = 2.51) yaive neakasimba akasarudzika emamiriro ezvinhu ehedonistic e1 awa maitiro eiyo mamiriro epasi rose, t ( 155.294) = 3.37, p 0.01, d = 0.42.

Kunyangwe vachida kuita kwakaderera-kuyedza kubudirira muzvidzidzo zvese zviri zviviri, vakapindura vaive vakanyanya kusarudza nzira yekudhura isinganetsi kune avo vezera ravo. Iyo data inoratidza kuti isu tiri zvishoma, asi kwete zvakanyanyisa, kuora nechipo cheapo tarenda. Tinoda kuedza kuve nzira yekubudirira kwevezera redu. Sei?

Pamwe, saSalieri, isu tinongwarira tarenda rinoshamisa. Basa rakaomarara rinoita kuti chiitiko chioneke chinowanikwa uye chakakodzera. Tinogona zvakare kutsamwa kuti hatisi isu takapihwa huchenjeri husingaenzaniswi. Nemaonero aya, iyo data inoratidza kusarongeka. Izvo zvakatinakira isu zvakakosha kupfuura izvo zvakafanira vamwe (Messick & Sentis, 1978), sezvatinozviona isu pachedu tiri kunze kwemisimboti inotonga nzanga.

Uye saSalieri, uyo aisakwanisa kukoshesa kushingairira kwaMozart, isu tinokanganisa kufungidzira. Isu tinofungidzira pamusoro pemitengo yakaiswa pedu pachedu (Wolfson & Salancik, 1977) uye tichirerutsa mutengo wakaiswa kune vamwe (Wirtz et al., 2004). Basa rakaoma rinoreruka kuburitsa kunze kwekutora. Neimwe nzira, isu tinogona kufungidzira nemazvo mitengo asi tikasiya basa rakaomarara kuchengetedza pfungwa yekuti tiri kufara kupfuura vamwe vedu (Krueger, 2021).

Iyo milano vignette inowedzera pakuedza kupokana. Mukuyedza kubudirira kwevamwe, tinokoshesa kushanda chaizvo nekuti mutengo. Kunyengera kwekushanda nesimba, zvinoita sekunge kunogona kutiita kuti tifare.