Rangano: Kusava nechokwadi Kushungurudza

“Kusahadzika zvese kana kutenda zvese mhinduro dzakaenzana. zvose zvinogovera kudikanwa kwekuratidzira, ”yakanyora mushakabvu wezana ramakore rechi 19 nyanzvi yemasvomhu uye muzivi Henri Poincaré ( Sayenzi uye Hypothesis , 1905). Kune musayendisiti, pane "hunhu mukukahadzika," sekusahadzika, kusava nechokwadi, uye kusahadzika kune hutano kwakakosha munzira yesainzi (Allison et al., American Sainzi , 2018). Sayenzi, mushure mezvose, inotungamirirwa ne "hunches uye zvisingaoneki maonero" (Rozenblit naKeil, Kuziva Sayenzi , 2002).

Dzimwe nguva zvakadaro, kune avo vanoshandisa uye vanosarudza kusahadzika zvisina kukodzera (Allison et al., 2018; Lewandowsky et al., Psychological Sayenzi, 2013). Izvi ndizvo kusava nechokwadi mongers vanoshandisa "sainzi inopesana nesainzi" kugadzira gakava. Ivo vanokanganisa kukosha kwesainzi kwekusava nechokwadi nekuipokana nemaune, semuenzaniso, nevaya vanoramba shanduko yemamiriro ekunze (Goldberg neVandenberg, Ongororo paEnharaunda Hutano, 2019).

"Kukahadzika chigadzirwa chedu" yakave mantra yemakambani efodya (Goldberg neVandenberg, 2019). Mamwe maindasitiri akaedza kushandisa zvepamutemo mashandisirwo ezvekuongorora zvinotsausa (semuenzaniso, kutaura nezve "asthma asthma" panzvimbo pechirwere chinouraya "dema mapapu"); kusanganisa zvidzidzo zvakanaka nezvisina kusimba zvidzidzo; kuhaya "nyanzvi" nemakakatanwa akajeka ezvekufarira kana avo ajenda; kukanda kusahadzika kumwe kunhu (semuenzaniso, kuchinjisa mhosva kubva pashuga kuenda kumafuta apo zvese zviri zviviri zvakawandisa zvinogona kukuvadza); Cherry-yekunhonga data kana kudzivisa zvinokuvadza zviwanikwa; uye kurwa ad hominem kurwisa masayendisiti anotsunga kutaura chokwadi kune simba (Goldberg naVandenberg, 2019).

Iyo nharaunda yakazara nekusahadzika inzvimbo yakaibva yekuvandudzwa kwerangano rwekupangana, kunyanya mune mamiriro einternet. Isu tave kuzadzwa ne "ruzivo rwemacascades" (Sunstein naVermeule, Chinyorwa chePolitical Philosophy , 2009), "infodemic," sezvazvaive (Teovanovic et al., Yakashandiswa Cognitive Psychology, 2020), mune iyo "yechinyakare yekutarisa nzvimbo" yemidhiya isisipo (Butter, Hunhu hweKurangana Dzidziso , S. Howe, muturikiri, 2020). Uyezve, iyo internet inoshanda senge mhando yepamhepo echo chamber (Bota, 2020; Wang et al., ZvemagariroSayenzi & Mushonga , 2019) zvakadai kuti kana chirevo chikadzokororwa, zvinoita sezvakavimbika, chiitiko chinonzi chokwadi chekunyepedzera (Brashier naMarch, Ongororo Yegore Negore yePsychology , 2020), uye kana zvichinyanya kusimbisa izvo zvatave kutenda (kureva, kusimbisa kusarura) . Kusava nechokwadi kunoshanduka kuita kugutsikana.

Chii chinonzi dzidziso yekurangana? Icho chiri chivimbo kuti boka rine chinangwa chakashata. Dzidziso dzekurangana dzinoonekwa sedzetsika dzepasirese, dzakapararira, uye kwete hazvo pathological (van Prooijen navan Vugt, Maonero ePsychological Science, 2018). Panzvimbo pekukonzerwa nechirwere chepfungwa kana "kusanzwisisika," vanogona kuratidza zvinonzi chirema epistemology , kureva, ruzivo rwekugadzirisa zvishoma (Sunstein naVermeule, 2009).

Dzidziso dzekurangana dzave dzakapararira munhoroondo yese, kunyange hazvo vachiuya mu "mafungu anoteedzana," kazhinji achiunganidzwa nenguva dzekusagadzikana kwevanhu (Hofstadter, Iyo Paranoid Chimiro muAmerican Politics , Chinyorwa cha1965). Kurangana, chokwadika, kunoitika (semuenzaniso, kuronga kuuraya Julius Caesar), asi nguva pfupi yadarika, kunyora chimwe chinhu chirevo chekurangana chine chirevo chekunyepedzera, kuchishatisa uye kuchisimbisa (Butter, 2020).

Kurangana kune zvimwe zvinoshandiswa: Zvese zvakabatana, uye hapana chinoitika netsaona; Zvirongwa ndezvemaune uye zvakavanzika; boka revanhu rinobatanidzwa; uye zvinonzi zvinangwa zveboka iri zvinokuvadza, kutyisidzira, kana kunyengera (van Prooijen navan Vugt, 2018). Kune hunyope hwekuda mbudzi uye nekugadzira iyo "isu-tichiipesana navo" mafungiro anogona kutungamira kumhirizhonga (Douglas, ChiSpanish Chinyorwa chePsychology , 2021; Andrade, Mishonga, Hutano Kuchengetedza uye Philosophy, 2020). Kurangana kunogadzira chirevo, kunoderedza kusava nechokwadi, uye kusimbisa musangano wevanhu (Butter, 2020).

Muzivi Karl Popper ndemumwe weakatanga kushandisa izwi iri mune yanhasi paakanyora nezve "zvisizvo" rangano yekurangana yenzanga , kureva kuti chero zvakashata zvinoitika (semuenzaniso, hondo, hurombo, kushaya mabasa) ndizvo mhedzisiro yezvirongwa zvevanhu vanotadza (Popper, Open Society nevavengi vayo , 1945). Muchokwadi, anodaro Popper, pane zvisingadzivisike "zvisingatarisirwi zvemhedzisiro" kubva ku nemaune zviito zvevanhu.

Mune yake yazvino-yakasarudzika chinyorwa, Hofstadter akanyora kuti vamwe vanhu vane chimiro cheparanoid nenzira iyo ivo vanoona nyika. Akasiyanisa chimiro ichi, chinoonekwa mune chaicho vanhu, kubva kune avo vakapihwa chirwere chepfungwa cheparanoia, kunyangwe vese vari vaviri vachive "vanopisa zvakanyanya, vanofungira, vane hukasha, hukuru, uye apocalyptic."

Mukiriniki anodzora pfungwa, zvakadaro, anoona nyika "ine hukasha uye inorangana" kupokana naye kana iye zvakananga, nepo avo vane chimiro cheparanoid vachiona chakanangiswa nenzira yehupenyu kana nyika yese. Avo vane chimiro cheparanoid vanogona kuunganidza humbowo, asi pane imwe nguva "yakaoma", vanoita "kusvetuka kwekuda kwekufungidzira," kureva, "... kubva kune isingarambiki kune isingatendi" (Hofstadter, 1965). Kupfuurirazve, avo vanotenda mune imwe dzidziso yekurangana vanonyanya kutenda mune dzimwe, kunyange dzisina hukama (van Prooijen na van Vugt, 2018).

Dzidziso dzekudaidzira padzinongobata, "dzakaomarara zvisingaite" uye vane "kuzvisimbisa" mhando: Chinhu chavo chikuru ndechekuti "vanonyanyisa kurwisa kururamisa" (Sunstein naVermeule, 2009). "Murume ane chivimbo munhu akaoma kuchinja. Muudze iwe haubvumirane uye anotendeuka ... Kukwereta kune pfungwa uye anotadza kuona zvaunofunga," yakanyora nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu Stanley Schachter naLeon Festinger mune yavo inonakidza kudzidza iyo yaisanganisira kupinda mukati meboka rine vatungamiriri, vakanyeverwa nemeseji dzakatumirwa ne "vakakwirira zvisikwa" kubva kune imwe nyika, vakaporofita mugumo-we-wepasi mamiriro. Pakatarisana ne "humbowo husingarambiki hwekusimbisa humbowo," avo vaive muboka vaive nerutsigiro rwemagariro evamwe vakadzora kusagadzikana kwavo uye kusagadzikana nekufunga kuti nei kufanotaura kwavo kwanga kusati kwaitika uye "kwakasimbisa kuvimba kwavo," kusanganisira kunyange nekushingaira kutsvaga vatendeuki vatsva ( Festinger et al., Kana Chiporofita Chakundikana , 1956).

Sei dzidziso dzekurangana dzichiramba zvekunyepedzera? Tiri vanonzwisisa misers: Vazhinji vedu tinoda kupindura kufungisisa pane ku kufungisisa uye dzivisa kufunga nezveruzivo sezvo zvichinyanya kuoma kuzviita (Pennycook neRand, Zvinyorwa zveMunhu , 2020). Isu tinowanzo tarisa causal tsananguro uye tinowana chirevo uye mapatani mune zvisingaite zviitiko senzira yekunzwa takachengeteka mukati medu nharaunda (Douglas et al., Mazano eazvino muPsychological Science , 2017). Zvakare, tinowanzo funga kuti tinonzwisisa nyika ne "ruzivo rwakadzama kwazvo, kubatana uye kudzika" - inonzi iyo kunyepedzera kwekutsanangurwa kwakadzika- kupfuura zvatinoita chaizvo (Rozenblit naKeil, 2002).

Pazasi mutsara: Dzidziso dzekurangana dzavepo munhoroondo yese uye dziri kwese kwese. Avo vanotenda havasi ivo vasinganzwisisike kana kusagadzikana kwepfungwa, asi kutenda mazviri kunogona kukonzera mhirizhonga, radicalization, uye ne "isu-tichiipesana navo" mafungiro. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, ivo vatora pejorative chirevo. Chido chedu chevanhu chekuona mapatani muzviitiko zvisina kujairika uye zvinokonzeresa kana pasina izvo zvinoita kuti titore mukana wekukanganisa kwavo.

Kutenda mune yekufungidzira dzidziso kwakasimba uye kunyanya kusagadzikana kururamisa. Iyo internet inogadzira echo kamuri umo kudzokorora kunogadzira kunyepedzera kwechokwadi. Mune ino nharaunda, kusahadzika kupi nekupi kunowanzo shanduka kuve kutendiswa.

Kutenda kwakakosha kuna Dr. David B. Allison, Dean weChikoro cheRuzhinji Hutano, Indiana University, Bloomington, nekusheedzera kutarisisa kuchinyorwa chaPoincaré.