Iva Nekunetseka Nezvevakomana, Kunyanya Vacheche Vakomana

Isu tinogara tichinzwa kuti vakomana vanoda kuomeserwa kuti vasave hanzvadzi. Kuomarara kwevabereki kuvacheche kunotopembererwa seku "kusaparadza mwana."

Zvakashata! Aya mazano akavakirwa pakusanzwisisa kwekuti vacheche vanokura sei. Pane kudaro, vacheche vanovimba neunyoro, vanoteerera kuchengetwa kuti vakure zvakanaka — zvichizoguma nekuzvidzora, hunyanzvi hwemagariro, uye kuva nehanya nevamwe.

Kuongororwa kwekutsvagisa kwemasimba kwakangobuda naAllan N. Schore, anonzi "Vanakomana Vedu Vese: Iyo Yekuvandudza Neurobiology uye Neuroendocrinology yeVakomana Vari Mungozi."

Uku kuongorora kwakadzama kunoratidza chikonzero nei tichifanira kunetseka nezve mabatiro atinoita vakomana pakutanga muhupenyu hwavo. Heano mashoma akasimbisa:

Nei chiitiko chekutanga kwehupenyu chichifurira vakomana zvakanyanya kupfuura vasikana?

• Vakomana vanokura zvishoma nezvishoma mumuviri, mumagariro uye nemitauro.
• Kushungurudzika-kurongedza huro maseketi anokura zvishoma zvishoma muvakomana prenatally, perinatally, uye postnatally.
• Vakomana vanokanganiswa zvakanyanya nekushushikana kwekutanga kwezvakatipoteredza, mukati nekunze kwechibereko, kupfuura vasikana. Vasikana vane zvakawanda zvakavakirwa-munzira izvo zvinokurudzira kusimba pakurwisa kunetseka.

Vakomana vanobatwa sei kupfuura vasikana?

• Vakomana ndivo vari panjodzi yekushushikana kwemadzimai uye kushushikana mudumbu, kushungurudzika kwekuzvara (semuenzaniso, kuparadzaniswa naamai), nekuchengeta vasingateereri (kuchengetedza kunovasiya vari mukutambudzika). Izvi zvinosanganisira kusunganidzwa kwekusunganidzwa uye zvine mutsindo zvine hudzamu kurudyi huropi hukuru hwekusimudzira - iyo inokura nekukurumidza zvakanyanya muhupenyu hwepakutanga kupfuura iyo yekuruboshwe huropi hemisphere. Iyo hemisphere yekurudyi inowanzo gadza yega-inodzora yehuropi matunhu anoenderana nekuzvidzora uye magariro.
• Kazhinji izwi rekuti vakomana vachangozvarwa vanoita nenzira dzakasiyana pakuzvarwa kweanaonatal maitiro, vachiratidza yakakwira cortisol mazinga (anounganidza mahormoni anoratidza kushushikana) mushure mevasikana.
• Pamwedzi mitanhatu, vakomana vanoratidza kushungurudzika kupfuura zvinoita vasikana. Pamwedzi gumi nembiri, vakomana vanoratidza kuita kukuru kune zvakashata zvinokanganisa.
• Schore akataura nezvekutsvagurudzwa kwaTronick, uyo akagumisa kuti "Vakomana ... vanonyanya kuda shamwari dzekudyidzana, vane nguva dzakaoma kudzora nyika dzavo, uye vangangoda rutsigiro rwaamai vavo kuvabatsira kutonga zvinokanganisa. Kuwedzera uku kwekuda kwaigona kukanganisa hukama hwevakomana vadiki ”(p. 4).

Chii chatinogona kupedzisa kubva ku data?

Vakomana ndivo vari panjodzi yeurouropsychiatric kusagadzikana kunoonekwa sekuvandudzika (vasikana vari panjodzi yekukanganisika kunoonekwa mumashure). Izvi zvinosanganisira autism, kutanga-kutanga schizophrenia, ADHD, uye kusagadzikana kwemafambiro. Izvi zvave zvichiwedzera mumakumi emakore apfuura (zvinofadza, sezvo vacheche vakawanda vakaiswa munzvimbo dzekuchengeta vana, dzinenge dzese dzinopa kutarisirwa kwakakwana kwevacheche; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Early Child Care Research Network, 2003).

Schore anoti, "tichifunga nezvekukura kwehuropi hwemukomana, kuchengetedzeka kwehukama-kudzora basa senge rinoteerera, kupindirana kunokanganisa huremu hwehuropi hwake husina kukura mugore rekutanga kwakakosha mukukura kwemagariro ehurume." (peji 14)

"Pakazara, mapeji apfuura ebasa iri anoratidza kuti mutsauko uripo pakati pevasikana vari muuropi wiring mapatani anokonzera kusiyana kwechikadzi mumagariro nemagariro akasimbiswa pakutanga kwehupenyu." "coded, asi epigenetically yakaumbwa neyekutanga magariro uye epanyama nharaunda; uye kuti murume mukuru uye murume huropi anomiririra inoenderana inoenderana yeakanakisa basa revanhu." (peji 26)

Chii chinotaridzika zvisina kukodzera mumakore ekutanga ehupenyu?

"Mukusiyana kwakasiyana neichi chiitiko chekukura-chinobatanidza chinongedzo, muhukama hwehukama-hunodzivirira nharaunda mushure mekusununguka, isingasviki pakunzwisisa kwevakadzi, kupindura, uye murau kwakabatana nezvisungo zvisina kuchengeteka. Mune inokuvadza zvakanyanya kukura-kuchitadzisa hukama hwehukama hwekubatwa zvisina kufanira uye kushungurudzika kwekubatanidza (kushungurudzwa uye / kana kuregeredzwa), muchengeti wekutanga wemwana asina kuchengetedzeka asina kurongeka - anokanganisa mucheche anokonzeresa nyika dzinoshungurudza dzekutsungirira zvakashata mumwana (AN Schore, 2001b, 2003b) . Nekuda kweizvozvo, dysregulated allostatic maitiro anounza kupfeka kwakanyanya uye kubvarura pane uropi huri kukura, hwakakomba apoptotic parcellation ye subcortical-cortical kusagadzikana maseketi, uye mhedzisiro inokanganisa hutano mhedzisiro (McEwen & Gianaros, 2011). Kushungurudzika kwehukama munguva dzekutanga dzakakomba dzekukura kwehuropi nekudaro kunoratidzira zvachose kugadzikana kwehutano hwehuropi chaihwo, kunochinja kubatana kwecorticolimbic muHPA, uye kunogadzira mukana wekukanganisa kwepashure kwekukanganisa murau wakaratidzwa mukushomeka mukutarisana neremangwana rezvematongerwo enyika nekushushikana. Pakutanga, ndakatsanangura kuti hunyanzvi hwevanhurume hunononoka kunyanya hunowanikwa pahunhu hwakanyanya hwekubatanidza, hunoratidzwa mukushomeka kwakakomba mukushamwaridzana uye nemanzwiro. ” (peji 13)

Chii chinotaridzika zvakakodzera kutaridzika senge muuropi?

"Mune mamiriro akakwana ekuvandudza, iyo yekushanduka-shanduka yekubatanidza michina, ichikura panguva yekukura-kwepfungwa kukura, nokudaro inobvumira epigenetic maficha munharaunda yemagariro kukanganisa maitiro ejenomic nemahormoni kune ese ari maviri subcortical uyezve e cortical brain mazinga. Pakupera kwegore rekutanga uye kune rechipiri, nzvimbo dzakakwirira munzvimbo dzakakodzera orbitofrontal uye ventromedial cortices dzinotanga kuumba kubatana kwema synaptic kubatana nenzvimbo dzepasi dzescortical, kusanganisira masisitimu anomutsa pakati nepakati uye huropi stem uye iyo HPA axis, nokudaro ichibvumira kune mamwe maitiro akaomarara ekukanganisa mutemo, kunyanya panguva dzekushushikana kwevanhu. Izvo zvakati, sezvandakaona mu1994, kurudyi orbitofrontal cortex, yekubatanidza kudzora system, inoshanda ichikura zvinoenderana nenguva dzakasiyana mumadzimai nevanhurume, uye nekudaro, kusiyanisa uye kukura kunodzikamisa pakutanga muvakadzi kupfuura kuvarume (AN Schore, 1994). Chero zvazvingaitika, zviitiko zvakanakisa zvekubatanidza zvinobvumidza kuvandudzwa kwesystem-yekurudyi yekusimbisa kushanda uye mhinduro inhibition yeiyo HPA axis uye kuzvitonga kumutsa, zvinhu zvakakosha pakukwanisa kugona kugona. " (peji 13)

Ongorora: Heino ichangobva kuitika kutsanangura kusungirirwa.

Zvinoshanda zvinokonzeresa kuvabereki, nyanzvi, uye vagadziri vemitemo:

1. Ziva kuti vakomana vanoda zvakawanda, kwete zvishoma, kutarisirwa kupfuura vasikana.

2. Wongorora dzese tsika dzekuzvarwa muchipatara. Iyo Yevacheche-Shamwari Chipatara Initiative kutanga asi kwete kukwana. Sekureva kweongororo ichangobva kuitwa yetsvagurudzo, kune zvakawanda zveepigenetic uye mimwe mhedzisiro inoitika pakuzvarwa.

Kuparadzaniswa kwaamai nemwana pakuzvarwa kunokuvadza kune vese vacheche, asi Schore anonongedza kuti zvinokuvadza zvakadii kune vakomana:

"Kufumura murume achangoberekwa ... kupatsanurwa kushushikana kunokonzera kuwedzera kwakasimba kwakasimba kwecortisol uye nekudaro kunogona kutariswa sekushushikana kwakanyanya" (Kunzler, Braun, & Bock, 2015, peji 862). Kudzokororwa kwakadzokororwa kunoguma nehunhu husingaite, uye "shanduko ... yekumberi-limbic nzira, kureva, matunhu asina kukodzera mukusiyana kwekukanganiswa kwepfungwa" (peji 862).

3. Govera vanoteerera . Vanamai, vanababa nevamwe vanochengeta vanofanirwa kudzivirira chero kushushikana kwakanyanya mumwana - "kutsungirira zvakaipa zvinokanganisa." Panzvimbo pekubatwa zvakajairika kwevanhurume ("kuvaita varume") nekuvarega vachichema sevacheche nekuvaudza kuti vasacheme sevakomana, nekunyima rudo uye zvimwe zviito kuti "vavashungurudze," vakomana vadiki vanofanirwa kurapwa nenzira yakapesana: nehunyoro uye kuremekedza zvavanoda zvekugumbatirana uye nemutsa.

Ziva kuti preterm vakomana vashoma vanokwanisa kungoerekana vapindirana nevanochengeta uye nekudaro vanoda zvakanyanya kutarisirwa kutarisirwa sekuenderera kwavo neurobiological kunoenderera.

4. Ipa mari inobhadharwa yevabereki . Kuti vabereki vape rubatsiro runoteerera, vanoda nguva, tarisiro uye simba. Izvi zvinoreva kuenda kunobhadharwa zororo ramai neremababa kwegore rimwe chete, inguva iyo vacheche vari panjodzi huru. Sweden ine mamwe maratidziro ane hushamwari emhuri ayo anoita kuti zvive nyore kuti vabereki vateerere.

5. Ngwarira huturu hwezvakatipoteredza. Chimwe chinhu chandisina kugadzirisa, icho Schore anoita, mhedzisiro yehuturu hwezvakatipoteredza. Vakomana vechidiki vanonyanya kukanganiswa nehupfu hwezvakatipoteredza izvo zvinokanganisawo huropi hwehutachiona hwesimba kukura (semuenzaniso, mapurasitiki akaita seBpA, bis-phenol-A). Schore anowirirana nechikumbiro chaLamphear (2015) chekuti "kuwedzera kwehurema hwekukura kune chekuita nehupfu hwezvakatipoteredza pahuropi huri kukura." Izvi zvinoratidza kuti tinofanirwa kungwarira zvakanyanya nezvekuisa makemikari ane chepfu mumhepo, muvhu, uye nemvura. Ndiwo musoro wenyaya yeblog blog.

Mhedziso

Ehe, isu hatifanire kungonetsekana nezvevakomana asi kutora matanho kune vese vacheche. Tinofanira kupa rubatsiro rwekurera kune vese vana. Vese vana vanotarisira uye vanodikanwa, kuitira kukura kwakakodzera, dendere rakashanduka, hwaro hwekutarisirwa kwekutanga uko kunopa iyo yekurera, yekudzora-kushushikana kwekutarisira iyo inosimudzira yakakwana kukura kwehuropi. Yangu lab inoongorora iyo Yakashanduka Nest uye inoiwana ichienderana neese akanaka mhedzisiro yemwana yatakadzidza.

Inotevera posvo: Nei Uchinetseka Nekuchengetwa Kwevanhurume? Akatumidza Hunhu!

Tarira pane kudzingiswa:

Vaverengi vakamutsa mibvunzo nezve kudzingiswa. Dhata reUSA rakaongororwa naDr Schore harina kusanganisira ruzivo nezve kudzingiswa, saka hapana nzira yekuziva kana zvimwe zvakawanikwa zvingave zvakakonzerwa nekushungurudzwa kwekuchecheudzwa, uko kuchiri kwakapararira muUSA. Verenga zvimwe pamusoro pemhedzisiro mhedzisiro yekudzingiswa pano.

Tarira pane zvekufungidzira zvekutanga:

Pandinonyora nezvekurera vana, ndinotora kukosha kwedendere rakashanduka kana shanduko yekuvandudza (EDN) yekusimudza vacheche vevanhu (iyo yakatanga kusimuka makore anodarika mamirioni makumi matatu apfuura nekubuda kwemhuka dzemhuka uye yakachinjwa zvishoma pakati pevanhu. mapoka akavakirwa pane anthropological research).

Iyo EDN ndiyo hwaro hwekutanga hwandinoshandisa kuongorora izvo zvinokurudzira hutano hwakanaka hwevanhu, kugara zvakanaka uye netsitsi tsika. Iyo niche inosanganisira zvirinani zvinotevera: kuyamwisa-kuyamwisa mucheche kwemakore akati wandei, kuda kubata bata nguva dzese, kupindura kuzvinodiwa zvekudzivirira kushungurudza mwana, kushamwaridzana nevatambi vevazhinji-vatambi vekutamba, vazhinji vanochengeta vanhu vakuru, rutsigiro rwemagariro akanaka, uye zvinonyaradza zviitiko zvenguva pfupi .

Ese maitiro eEDN akabatana nehutano mune mammalian uye zvidzidzo zvevanhu (pakuongorora, ona Narvaez, Panksepp, Schore & Gleason, 2013; Narvaez, Valentino, Fuentes, McKenna & Grey, 2014; Narvaez, 2014) Nekudaro, inoshanduka ichibva kuEDN hwaro hwekutanga hune njodzi uye hunofanirwa kutsigirwa nehupenyu hwehupenyu hwese hwakatarisa pane zvakawanda zvehutano hwepfungwa uye neurobiological hutano muvana nevakuru. Makomendi angu nezvakatumirwa zvinobva pane izvi zvekufungidzira zvekutanga.

Rabhoritari yangu yekutsvagisa yakaratidza kukosha kweiyo EDN yehutano hwemwana uye kukura kwetsika nemapepa akawanda mumabasa (ona yangu webhusaiti kurodha mapepa).

Lanphear, B.P. (2015). Iko kukanganisa kwehupfu pahuropi huri kukura. Ongororo Yegore Negore yeParuzhinji Hutano, 36, 211-230.

McEwen, BS, & Gianaros, PJ (2011). Kushungurudzika- uye allostasis-inokonzeresa huropi hwepurasitiki. Ongororo Yegore Negore yeMishonga, 62, 431-445.

Schore, A.N. (1994). Kanganisa murau mavambo eiyo yega. Iyo neurobiology yekusimudzira manzwiro. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Schore, A.N. (2001a). Mhedzisiro yehukama hwakabatana hwehukama pane chairo kukura kwehuropi, zvinokanganisa mutemo, uye hutano hwepfungwa hwevacheche. Mucheche Mental Health Journal, 22, 7-66.

Schore, A.N. (2001b). Mhedzisiro yekushungurudzika kwehukama pane chairo kukura kwehuropi, kukanganisa mutemo, uye hutano hwepfungwa hwevacheche. Mucheche Mental Health Journal, 22, 201-269.

Schore, A. N. (2017). Vese vanakomana vedu: Iyo yekuvandudza neurobiology uye neuroendocrinology yevakomana vari panjodzi. Mucheche Mental Health Journal, e-pub pamberi pekudhinda doi: 10.1002 / imhj.21616

National Institute yeVana Hutano uye Kubudirira Kwevanhu, Yekutanga Yevana Kuchengeta Yekutsvagisa Network (2003). Iyo nguva yenguva yakashandiswa mukuchengetwa kwevana inofungidzira kugadziriswa kwemagariro panguva yekuchinja kuenda kuKindergarten? Sosaiti Yekutsvagisa muKukura kweVana, Inc.