Ndiani Aive Psychology Yekutanga Chokwadi Genius?

Heano mumwe-chinhu bvunzo: "Ndiani akatanga sainzi yepfungwa?"

Imwe mhinduro inogona kunge iri "William James," uyo akanyora bhuku rekutanga repfungwa, Nheyo dzePsychology, muna 1890.

Iwe waizowana mamwe mashoma mashoma ekupindura "Wilhelm Wundt." Chokwadi, Wundt akatanga rabhoritari yekutanga yepamutemo mu1879, kuYunivhesiti yeLeipzig, uye William James akatanga kufemerwa kudzidza psychology paakaverenga rimwe remapepa eWundt muna 1868, achishanyira Germany.

Asi Wundt iye pachake akatanga basa rake semubatsiri webazi kumurume wandaizodoma semuchenjeri wepfungwa wepfungwa yekutanga: Hermann Helmholtz.

Helmholtz akaita zvisungo zviviri zvakakura kune psychology yemazuva ano:

1. Ndiye wekutanga kuyera kumhanya kweiyo neural impulse. (Mukuita kudaro, Helmholtz akapidigura fungidziro yapfuura yekuti zviratidzo zvekutya zvaingoitika ipapo, zvichimhanya zvisingaite.)

2. Akasimudzira mberi trichromatic dzidziso yekuona kwemavara . Iyi dzidziso yakapesana nemaonero, akakurumbira chete makore mashoma nguva yake isati yasvika, yekuti chero rudzi rwetsinga sero rinogona kuendesa chero mhando yeruzivo. Iyo haina kuratidza kwete chete kuti dzakasiyana mhando dzeeuroni dzaipfuudza mhando dzakasiyana dzeruzivo, asi kuti kunyangwe mukati mepfungwa yekuona, paive nemhando dzakasiyana dzeruzivo dziri kutumirwa pamwe dzakasiyana neuroni muziso.

Pane rimwe dambudziko nekuziva Helmholtz sehunyanzvi hwekutanga hwepfungwa: Helmholtz angadai asina kuzvitsanangura seyepfungwa. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti pakanga pasina iyo nzvimbo senge psychology kumashure mukutanga kwema1800. Wilhelm Wundt akadzidziswa sa biologist, uye William James semuzivi. Asi vese Wundt naJames vakapedzisira vazvitsanangudza sema psychologists. Helmholtz, kune rimwe divi, akatanga basa rake sepurofesa wezve physiology, uye mushure mekubatika mune psychophysics kwechinguva, akachinja hunhu hwake hwehunyanzvi kuti ave purofesa wefizikisi. Makore ake ekupedzisira aive asina kupirwa mukunzvera kwesainzi, asi kune thermodynamics, metology, uye electromagnetism. Chokwadi, mipiro yaHelmholtz kufizikiki yakamukunda mukurumbira wakakura kwazvo. Iyi mipiro yakatungamira mambo kuti amukwidziridze kune vanokudzwa (saka zita rake rakazova Hermann von Helmholtz). (Hupenyu hwaHelmholtz hwakanga husiri mamvemve pamari yehupfumi, asi yaive nyaya yakakosha yekufamba kumusoro. Baba vake vaive mudzidzisi, uye vasina nzira yekuendesa mwanakomana wavo akangwara kuyunivhesiti kunodzidza fizikisi. Asi, Helmholtz akatora mukana wechibvumirano chakapihwa neuto rePrussia - ivo vaizobhadharira rovedzo yake mune zvekurapa, kana akabvuma kushanda makore masere sachiremba wechiremba apedza kudzidza). Ari munzira yekuve nhengo yeanokudzwa yezvaakakunda kuita mufizikiki, uye achikurudzira varapi vezvepfungwa vachiri kusimuka saWundt naJames, Helmholtz akagadzirawo opthalmoscope, uye akanyora bhuku remaziso iro raishandiswa zvakanyanya kwehafu yezana ramakore. Paaive achifanirwa kunge achidzidza chiLatin kuchikoro chesekondari, iye aive achigadzira madhirowa ekuyera pasi petafura yake. Paaive kuchikoro chekurapa, akawana nguva yekuridza piyano, akaverenga Goethe naByron, uye achidzidza akakosha macalculus (Fancher & Rutherford, 2015).

Ngatitarisei chaizvo pane izvo zvaive zvine hunyanzvi nezve izvi zvechidiki polymath zvidzidzo zveeural mafungidziro uye yake dzidziso yekuona kwemavara, zvakadaro.

Kuvhara kumhanya kweiyo neural impulse.

Ndechipi chihombe chekuyera kumhanyisa kwechisimba chishuwo? Zvakanaka, nguva yaHelmholtz isati yasvika, nyanzvi dzakatenda kuti chishuwo chemhino chaive chiripo, ichifamba zvisingaperi kana padhuze nekusingaperi kumhanya. Pini painobaya chigunwe chako, pane iwo maonero, uropi hwako hunobva hwazviziva ipapo. Chipangamazano chaHelmholtz, nyanzvi yezvepamoyo Johannes Müller, akatsanangura izvi zvinofungidzirwa kuti kutapurirana nekukurumidza sekunze kwenzvimbo yesainzi, muenzaniso wekushanda kwe "simba rehupenyu" risinganzwisisike raitsigira zviitiko zvese zvipenyu.

Asi Helmholtz nevamwe vevamwe vadzidzi vaMüller vaitenda kuti pakanga pasina simba risingazivikanwe rakadai. Panzvimbo iyoyo, vakafungidzira kuti kana iwe ukakwanisa kupenya mwenje pane chero chiitiko chinoitika mukati mechinhu chipenyu, iwe unongoona iko kungoshanda kweakakosha makemikari uye epanyama zviitiko. SaPurofesa wechidiki paUniversity yeKonigsberg, Helmholtz akaronga chishandiso chakabatanidza tsoka yedatya kune galvanometer, nenzira yekuti iyo yazvino inopfuura nepakati pehudyu yemhasuru yaizokonzeresa kurova uko kwaigona kudzima magetsi emagetsi. Izvo zvaakawana ndezvekuti paakadzora gumbo redatya padhuze netsoka, iko kurira kwacho kwakaitika zvichimhanya kupfuura paakakwiridzira kuwedzera gumbo. Ichi chishandiso chakamutungamira kuti afungidzire kumhanya chaiko - chiratidzo ichi chaiita kunge chiri kufamba nemajoni egumbo redatya pa57 mph.

Akabva adzokorora chidzidzo ichi nevanhu vapenyu. Akadzidzisa masubjectors ake kudzvanya bhatani pavakangonzwa kukweva kumakumbo avo. Paainyora chigunwe, zvaitora nguva yakareba kuti chidzidzo chiinyore kupfuura paanodonhedza chidya. Zviripachena, chigunwe chiri kumberi kubva muuropi, saka izvi zvakaratidza kuti iyo neural impulse yakatora zvakaenzana kuti inyore kana yaifanirwa kuenda kure. Izvi zvaishamisa nekuti vanhu vanowanzo kusangana nemaitiro epfungwa sezviri kuitika pakarepo. Uye panguva iyoyo, physiologists vaive vachifungidzira kuti maitiro epasi anofanirawo kunge ari ipapo ipapo. Dai isu taive marwenga zvine njodzi, zvaizotora sekondi izere kuti huropi hwedu huzive kuti hove yatora kuruma kubva muswe wedu, uye imwezve yechipiri kuzadza kutumira meseji kumashure kumuswe wemhasuru kuti ubvise hove kure.

Pakati pezana ramakore rinotevera, vanachiremba vezvepfungwa vakashandisa zvakanyanya nzira iyi, "vachishandisa nguva", vachishandisa kufungidzira kuti kuwanda kwemagetsi kwakabatana zvakadii mumabasa akasiyana (kuita kupatsanurana kwenguva refu kana kushandura chirevo mumutauro wedu wechipiri maringe nekuwedzera manhamba maviri kana kuverenga zvakafanana chirevo mururimi rwedu, semuenzaniso).

Aya matatu marudzi eakajeka-ekuona anogamuchira muziso

Johannes Müller, uyo aive chipangamazano waHelmholtz, anogona kunge akanamatira kuchitendero chekare mune simba rehupenyu rinoshanda pakarepo, asi akatsigirawo dzimwe pfungwa dzekuchinja, kusanganisira "mutemo wesimba retsinga" - yaive pfungwa yekuti tsinga dzese dzekunzwa inoitisa mhando imwe chete yeruzivo. Wezvenhau wePsychology Raymond Fancher anonongedzera kuti imwe tsika yechinyakare zvisati zvaitika ndeyekuti mauroni aive machubhu ane mhango anokwanisa kuendesa chero simba-rerudzi, kupenya, vhoriyamu, toni, kunyange hwema kana kuravira kana kumanikidza kweganda. Asi maonero matsva aive ekuti pfungwa imwe neimwe yaive nemaeuron ayo akapatsanuka.

Iyo trichromatic dzidziso yakaratidza kuti yaive yakanangana kupfuura iyo - ziso rinogona kunge riine matatu akasiyana marudzi eanogamuchira, imwe neimwe ichiendesa ruzivo nezve chimwe chikamu chechikamu. Helmholtz akacherekedza kuti ese akasiyana mavara eiyo spectrum anogona kuvakwazve nekubatanidza mwenje yematatu ekutanga mavara - bhuruu, girini, uye tsvuku. Kana iwe ukavhenekera mwenje wegirini uye mwenje mutsvuku panzvimbo imwechete, iwe uchaona yero. Kana iwe ukavhenekera mwenje webhuruu uye mwenje mutsvuku panzvimbo imwe chete iwe uchaona yepepuru, uye kana iwe ukavheneka ese matatu mavara, iwe uchaona chena. Helmholtz yakatorwa kubva pane izvi kuti zvimwe huropi hwaigona kuona kuti ndeupi muvara wawakatarisa kana ukabatanidza ruzivo kubva kumatatu emhando dzetsinga dzinogamuchira. Kana mared receptors ari kupfura, asi mablue akanyarara, urikuona kutsvuka kwakatsvuka, kana bhuruu nerutsvuku zvese zviri kupfura zvine mwero, urikuona shava rakatsvukuruka, nezvimwewo Pfungwa yakanga yataurwawo pakutanga na Chiremba weBritish Thomas Young, asi Helmholtz akaigadzira zvizere. Nhasi, dzidziso inonzi iyo Wechidiki-Helmholtz trichromatic dzidziso.

Zana ramakore gare gare, muna 1956, chiremba wezvemuviri paUniversity yeHelsinki anonzi Gunnar Svaetichin akawana tsigiro yakanangana neiyo trichromatic dzidziso nekushandisa maelectrode kunyora zvinyorwa zvakatumirwa nemasero akasiyana muhove retinas. Chokwadi chakaringana, mamwe ainyatso kujeka kune bhuruu, mamwe kune egirini, uye mamwe kune matsvuku.

Kunyangwe iyi dzidziso isati yatsigirwa zvakanangana, yaive nemhedzisiro yakakosha - materevhizheni anonyengedza ziso kuti rione mavara kwete nekuburitsa mavara ese emuraraungu, asi nekushandisa matatu chete marudzi emapikisheni - tsvuku, girini, uye bhuruu, uye kudzoreredza kupenya pane imwe neimwe yeaya matatu makirina inogadzira mifananidzo inoonekwa nehuropi hwedu seyakajeka orenji, isina kujeka tan, inopenya turquoise, uye inopenya lavender.

Psychophysics uye kuwanikwa kwehunhu hwevanhu

Kufunga nezvaHelmholtz, nevamwe vake "psychophysicists," zvinogona kutiita kuti tizive nezve zvakawanda zvatakafunda nezvehunhu hwevanhu mumazana maviri apfuura. Mafirosofera vakaita nharo pamusoro pemibvunzo yakati wandei nezvekuti pfungwa dzinoronga sei zvakasikwa, asi masayendisiti akakwanisa kushandisa nzira nyowani uye dzakaomarara dzesainzi kupindura mimwe yemibvunzo inokosha. Masayendisiti akagadzira nzira dzekuyera chaizvo shanduko yesimba remuviri mumasaisai ekurira uye mafungu emwenje, uyezve masayendisiti akagadzira nzira dzekunyora kuti zviitiko zvevanhu zvakashanduka sei, kana kuti hazvina kuchinja, pamwe neshanduko idzodzo. Chavakawana ndechekuti izvo zvinosangana nehuropi hwemunhu hazvisi zvese zviri kuitika munyika. Dzimwe nzira dzesimba remuviri, senge infrared mwenje kana Ultra-yakakwira yakadzika masaisai ruzha, hazvioneke kwatiri, asi zviri pachena kune dzimwe mhuka (senge nyuchi uye zviremwaremwa). Dzimwe nzira dzesimba dzakanyanya kukosha kwatiri, asi kwete kumakitsi edu embwa nembwa (dzinoshaya marudzi akasiyana eakagashira mavara, uye nekuona nyika mutema nemuchena, kunze kwekunhuhwirira chaiko).

Douglas T. Kenrick ndiye munyori we:

• Rational Animal: Shanduko yakaita kuti isu tive nehungwaru kupfuura zvatinofunga, uye ye:
• Zvepabonde, Kuuraya, uye Zvinoreva Hupenyu: Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa inoongorora mashandurirwo, shanduko, uye kuomarara zviri kugadzirisa maonero edu nezvehunhu hwevanhu.

Akabatana mablog

• Kune here chero hunyanzvi mumunda wepfungwa? Ko psychology inogona kubata kenduru kune sainzi yekombuta?
• Ndivanaani vane hunyanzvi hwepfungwa (chikamu II). Dzimwe nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzandinoziva.
• Chii chinonzi psychology's imwe yakajeka kupenya?

Zvinyorwa

• Jameson, D., & Hurvich LM (1982). Gunnar Svaetichin: murume wekuona. Kufambira mberi muClinical uye Biological Research, 13, 307-10.
• Fancher, R. E., & Rutherford, A. (2016). Mapiyona epfungwa (Yechishanu edition). New York: WW Norton & Co.