Kudya uye Kuekisesaiza Kunogona Kuva Kune Utano Rini?

Rimwe zuva Sarah akapinda muhofisi mangu. Semudzidzi wepasikiriyasi kinesiology mudzidzi, aifarira kuita tsvagiridzo pane vamwe vake vadzidzi 'ruzivo rwekudya kusagadzikana. Mushure mekumwe kutaura pamusoro pekufarira kwake, Sarah akandiudza kuti ari kupora kubva padambudziko rekudya iye. Paakaonekwa, akaudzwa kuti asatomborovedza muviri zvachose. Semunhu aimbotamba, kusiya kurovedza muviri zvakamuomera, asi kuzvidzora kwaitonyanya kuomarara. Iye zvino akaziva kuti pakanga paine hurukuro diki yekunyanyisa kurovedza muviri, kudya zvisina kukodzera, uye kusagadzikana kwekudya panguva yezvidzidzo zvake izvo zvakanangana nekurwisa maitiro ekugara, kuwedzera kurovedza muviri kukurudzira, uye kukurudzira kudzivirira kufutisa sehunhu hwakanaka hunodiwa. Akanzwa zvine simba kwazvo kuti vaaidzidza navo, sevashandisi venguva yemberi uye nyanzvi dzekusimba, vanofanirwawo kuziva nezve mhedzisiro yakaipa yehunhu hunhu hwakaenda kure. Kana kurovedza muviri iri mishonga, yakafanana nemimwe mishonga, panofanirwa kuve nemutero wakakodzera wehutano hwakakwana: kushoma hakuna kukwana, asi kuwanda kunogona kukuvadza.

Kupembedza kudzidza kwakataurwa naSarah, taida kuziva kuti kusagadzikana kwekudya kuri sei muindasitiri yekusimbisa muviri. Kazhinji, takaona, njodzi yekusagadzikana pakudya iri pamusoro mumitambo - kunyanya mumitambo yekushongedza yakadai sejimnastiki kana skating skating uye mumitambo uko kurema kwakaderera kunoonekwa semukana wakadai sedaro kumhanya (Joy, Kussman, & Nattiv, 2016) -Mukutamba, uye muindasitiri yekusimbisa muviri. Bratland-Sanda naSundgot-Borgen vanotaura kuti vanosvika makumi maviri nemasere muzana evanhukadzi vemuhutano nzvimbo vakawanikwa vaine dambudziko rekudya. Nepo kusagadzikana kwekudya kuri kwakanyanya kuwanda pakati pevakadzi, zvakare varume vari kuwedzera kukanganiswa. Joy, Kussman naNattiv (2016) vanocherekedza kuti kunyangwe hazvo mamirioni gumi evakadzi nevarume miriyoni imwe muUS vanotambura nedambudziko rekudya, kudya kusagadzikana kunowanzoitika pakati pevatambi vechirume pane vasiri vatambi. Nepo vatambi vechikadzi vachimiririra 90% yeavo vanotsvaga rubatsiro rwechirwere chekudya, zvakafungidzirwa kuti 3% kusvika pa42% yevatambi vechirume vanoratidza kudya zvisina kunaka maitiro uye zvakafanana nevakadzi, chikamu chepamusoro chiri mukushongedza ('antigravitational') uye kutsungirira mitambo.

Vamwe vaongorori vakaongorora kuwanda kwezvinetso zvekudya pakati pevarairidzi vezvehutano. Nekuti havazi vese vane dambudziko rakakomba nechikafu vanoonekwa kuti vane chirwere chekudya (ED) senge anorexia nervosa kana bulimia nervosa, vaongorori vazhinji ikozvino vanotaura nezve kudya kwakashata (DE) kuti mukuwedzera kune zvakafanana maitiro kuzvinetso zvekudya zvinosanganisirawo zvinongorambidzwa. Kudya, kumanikidza kudya, kana kusarongeka, kusagadzikana kudya maitiro. Bratland-Sanda naSundgot-Borgen (2015) vanotsanangura DE seyakaenderera iyo inotanga nehutano hwekudya maitiro achifambira mberi mukudya kusingaperi, kuwanda kwehuremu hwakawanda, kutsanya, kuchenesa, uye kupera nekiriniki ED. Bratland-Sanda, Nilsson, uye Sundgot-Borgen (2015) inowedzera kuti kunyanya kurovedza muviri chiratidzo chepakati mukati mehupamhi hwakawanda hweED uye DE maitiro. Nepo tsananguro dzekunyanyisa kana kumanikidza kurovedza muviri dzichisiyana, inowanzo fungwa senge rudzi rwekudzidzira kupfuura zvinobatsira hutano. Izvi zvinogona kutenderera pakati peanopfuura maawa mashanu uye kusvika maawa makumi maviri ekurovedza muviri / svondo risingade mutambo kana kutamba. Nepo vazhinji varairidzi vekusimbisa muviri vachidzidzisa anosvika makumi maviri kana anopfuura makirasi vhiki imwe neimwe, vanogona zvakare kurovedza muviri mukuwedzera kune kwavo kuraira zvinodiwa. Saka, yakajairika sei DE pakati pevarayiridzi vekusimba?

Mukudzidza kwavo kuchangobva kuitika, Bratland-Sanda nevamwe vake (2015) vakaongorora kuwanda kweDE uye vanozvipupurira veDD mu152 varume uye 685 veboka revarairidzi vemuviri muNorway. Zvichienderana neEating Disorders Inventory (EDI), 22% yevarayiridzi vechirume uye 59% yevakadzi varairidzi vakasarudzwa neEE maitiro. Nekudaro, chete 4% yevarayiridzi vechikadzi (uye hapana murayiridzi wechirume) akataura kuti ane ED. Varairidzi vane DE vaive nehuremu hwemuviri index uye nekuwedzera kuonda kwekuedza kupfuura varairidzi vasina DE. Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti havazi vese vanhu vane DE vane hazvo willowy vatete. Pakange pasina misiyano pakati pevarairidzi vachidzidzisa akasiyana marudzi emakirasi ekurovedza muviri.

Vatsvagiri vakawedzera kuti varairidzi vane ED-yekuzvitaurira havana kuzivisa izvi kumaneja wavo kuchipatara. Vamwe vainetsekana nekudzingwa. Sekunyora kwakaita mumwe mudzidzisi: "Ndinonyara, handidi kuti vandinzwire tsitsi, uye ndinotya kurasikirwa nebasa rangu" (peji 7). Vamwe vakafunga kuti iri raive bhizinesi ravo vega: "Ndicho chinhu chandisiri kuzovaudza. Hazvina basa navo, uye havagone kugadzirisa dambudziko rangu rekudya ”(p. 7).

Vatsvagiri vaive nehanya nenhamba yepamusoro yevadzidzisi vezvehutano vane DE izvo zvinogona kukanganisa hutano hwavo. Zvakafanana naSarah, ivo vakataura kuti varairidzi vanowanzo kuve mienzaniso kune avo vatori vechikamu avo vanogona kukurudzirwa kutora maitiro asina kunaka ekudya.

Muchidzidzo chekutevera, Bratland-Sanda naSundgot Borgen (2015) vakaongorora izvo varairidzi vezvehutano vaiziva chaizvo nezve ED. Mune remibvunzo yakatumirwa kuvarairidzi vanopfuura mazana masere, 29% vakataura kuti vane dambudziko rekudya. Chete 29% yevadzidzisi, vakadzi vazhinji kupfuura varume, vakakwanisa kunyatsoziva zviratidzo zveDE. Nekudaro, 47% vakashuma kuti ivo vaiziva nzira yekupindura kumatambudziko maererano nenhengo ine DE. Yakanga isiri tsaona kuti kuwanda kweDE uye kugona kuziva zviratidzo zvavo kwakafanana: vaongorori vakaona kuti kuve neDE nhoroondo, pamwe nedanho repamusoro redzidzo, vakafungidzira kugona kuziva vamwe vane zviratidzo zvakafanana.

Vanyori vakaenderera mberi vachisimbisa kuti nepo boka revarairidzi vekusimbisa muviri vasina kupihwa rezenisi rekuongorora maitiro eDE, vanogona kuona zviratidzo vobva vatevera nhungamiro dzakakodzera panzvimbo yavo yekusimbisa muviri. Kufungidzira apa ndekwekuti nzvimbo yega yega yekusimbisa muviri yakagadza nhungamiro dzakadai. Dzimwe nyika, dzakaita seAustralia neUK, dzakagadzira nhungamiro yenyika dzekubata neDE. Semuenzaniso, Fitness Australia yakaburitsa nhungamiro dzekuona nekugadzirisa nhengo dzeDE dzichishanda pamwe neCentre for Eating & Dieting Disorders muna 2004. Bratland-Sanda neSundgot Borgen (2015) vakagadzira nhungamiro muNorway vachibatana neNorway Association of Fitness Centers. uye ED isiri yehurumende sangano. Izvo zvakakosha, zvakadaro, kuti varairidzi vazive nezve idzi nhungamiro.

Zvakafanana naSarah, Bratland-Sanda naSundgot Borgen (2015) vakasimbisa kukosha kwekuwedzera kwekuziva kwevarayiridzi vehutano nezvezviratidzo zveDE uye ED, kunyanya kuwandisa / kumanikidza kurovedza muviri.Izvo zvakakoshawo zvakaenzana kumisikidza nzira idzo kuburikidza nadzo varairidzi vanokwanisa kutaurira zvinovanetsa zvavo kune munhu ane basa rekupa ruzivo kubatsira vatengi uye vavanoshanda navo nezviratidzo zvinogona kuitika. Asi zvinodaro sei kuti vamwe vakadzi nevarume muindasitiri yekusimbisa muviri vanokurudzirwa kuita aya marudzi ehunhu?

Masayendisiti epfungwa dzezvemagariro Hesse-Biber nevamwe vake (2006) vanopokana kuti DE haingori dambudziko repfungwa chete, asiwo dambudziko rezvemagariro, kunyanya kuvakadzi. Vanotsanangura kuti: "Kusadya zvakanaka uye kudya zvisina kurongeka zvakare zvirwere zvinokonzerwa netsika nemagariro zvinokurudzirwa pamwe nevezvehupfumi pamwe nevemagariro vanobatsirikana ne'chitendero chekuonda" (peji 208). Kana iyo 'yakasviba-yakatetepa' yevakadzi yakanaka ichipembererwa kwese kwese kwese, vanojekesa, zvinonetsa kudzora mumwe munhu agency kubva kuzvido zvakakura zvemaindasitiri etsika senge chikafu, cosmetic, runako, midhiya, kana kugwinya. Ivo vanoona maindasitiri aya "akabatana nezvido zvemadzitateguru" (p. 221) izvo "zvakagonesa vakadzi kuti kuzvimiririra zvinoreva kuti vakadzi vane basa rekuchengetedza iro rakapetana-rakatetepa muviri kuburikidza nekuzvivandudza uye kuzvidzora" (peji 221). Nekuda kweizvozvo, Hesse-Biber nevamwe vake (2006) vanopedzisa vachiti, "vakadzi vanopedza nguva yakawandisa, simba rekushushikana, nemari vachiedza kuwana yakanakisa" panzvimbo pe "dzimwe mari dzinoitwa nevakadzi, semuenzaniso, chiitiko chezvematongerwo enyika, dzidzo, nekusimudzira basa- zviitwa zvinokurudzira kugonesa ”(peji 221). DE maitiro, ivo vanotenda, ndiwo chikamu cheichi chakaomarara chitendero cheutete.

Kana mafambiro eDE aine zvese zvemagariro, zvetsika, uye zveupfumi pamwe nehumwe hunyanzvi hwepfungwa, chii chingaitwe nemumwe murairidzi kurwisa tsika tsika dzekuonda kwakanyanya kunogona kukurudzira hunhu hweDE? Hesse-Biber nevamwe vake vanotaura mazano matatu:

1. Kudzokorora hukadzi

Hesse-Biber nevamwe vaanoshanda navo vanoratidza kuti vakadzi vanofanirwa kuona hunhu hwavo kuti vapihwe simba rekushora rakatetepa muviri wakanaka. Semuenzaniso, varairidzi vekusimbisa muviri vanogona kupa simba vatori vechikamu vavo nekusimudzira zvimwe zvinangwa zvemuviri zvakaita sekushanda kwemuviri uye nekugadzira zviitwa izvo, panzvimbo pekungotarisa kuonda chete, zvinobatsira kusimudzira hupenyu hwevakadzi hwezuva nezuva. Isu tinogona zvakare kunyatso nzvenga kuyedza kukurudzira vedu vatori vechikamu nezvivimbiso zvekudzikiswa 'kwerubata bata,' 'bat mapapiro,' kana 'kutinhira zvidya' kusimbisa panzvimbo, semuenzaniso, postural mabhenefiti.

2. Media kuverenga

Hesse-Biber nevamwe vake vanokurudzira kuwedzera ruzivo rwevhepfenyuro runotarisira kudzidzisa vanhukadzi "kuongorora zvakadzama midhiya uye kugadzira nzira nyowani dzekuisa meseji yavo mumasaiti mazhinji enhau" (p. 219). Tinogona ipapo kugadzira marongero ekubvunza kuti ndezvechokwadi sei midhiya mifananidzo yeiyo yakatetepa uye ine toni yakaenzana yevakadzi muviri iri. Varairidzi vezvehutano pamwe nevatori vechikamu chekusimbisa muviri vanogona kugovana mifananidzo ine hutano yekugwinya kuburikidza nemagariro enhau. Nepo munhu wega murairidzi kana nhengo isingakwanise kuve nebasa rekushambadzira indasitiri yehutano kana vezvenhau vemuviri, tinogona kuunza kubatana kunogona kuitika pakati pehunhu hweDI nemifananidzo yemutumbi usiri wechokwadi kutarisiro yevatungamiriri munzvimbo dzedu dzekusimba.

3. Dzidzo yekupa simba

Chekupedzisira, Hesse-Biber nevamwe vake vanopa zano rekuti "dzidzo yekugonesa" iyo "inogadzira kusimba kune 'zvisina hutano' midhiya meseji nekudzidzisa 'hunyanzvi hwekufunga kufunga'" (peji 219). Iyi ndiyo nzira yemunharaunda-yatinogona kushandisa nharaunda yevanotora fitness, varairidzi vekusimbisa muviri, uye manejimendi centre manejimendi mukudya dzidziso yekusagadzikana nekutanga, semuenzaniso, kugadzirwa kweiyo DE nhungamiro. Seimwe yematanho edu ekupa masimba ekudzidzisa, ini naSarah takabatsira kuronga musangano wemutungamiri wehutano nezve nzira dzekubata nevatori vechikamu nezviratidzo zvinogona kuitika zveDE.

Sezvakaratidzirwa naHesse-Bieber nevamwe vaaishanda navo (2006), zvemagariro nezvepfungwa zvakabatikana muhunhu hweDE. Zvinhu zvakadai zvinosiyanawo mumapoka uye nevanhu vamwe (kwedzinza, dzinza, hutano, murume kana murume, zera). Dambudziko rekudya, nehuwandu hwekufa kwechero hutano hwepfungwa (Joy, Kussman & Nattiv, 2016), zvinonetsa kurapa, asi sezvo zvakajairika muindasitiri yekusimbisa muviri, pane chikonzero chekukurukura pachena nengozi dzakanangana ne ivo. Nekudaro, sekufungidzira kwaSarah, kuenderera mberi nekuziva uye dzidzo nezvekuti kuita maekisesaizi uye kudyiwa hakuchina hutano kunogona kubatsira kudzivirira nekutarisana nehunhu hweDE mumaindasitiri ehutano.

Bratland-Sanda, S., Nilsson, M. P., & Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2015). Hwakashata maitiro ekudya pakati pevadzidzisi veboka rekusimba: Chakavanzika chinotyisidzira hutano? Zvinyorwa zveMatambudziko Ekudya, 3 (22), 1-8.

Hesse-Bieber, S., Leavy, P., Quinn, C. E., & Zoino, J. (2006). Iko kushambadzira kwakawanda kwekusagadzikana kwekudya uye Kudya Matambudziko: Iyo yemagariro psychology yevakadzi, kuonda uye tsika. Vakadzi veStudy International Forum, 29, 208-224.

Mufaro, E., Kussman, A., & Nattiv, A. (2016). 2016 inogadziridza pamatambudziko ekudya muvatambi: Yakazara rondedzero ongororo ine tarisiro pakiriniki yekuongorora uye manejimendi. Briteni Zvinyorwa zveMitambo Mushonga, 50, 154-162.