Chii Chinangwa cheYunivhesiti "Yemazuva Ano"?

Vakasiyana siyana pabonde vadzidzi vanopedza nguva yavo vachitsvaga nekudzidzisa nezvenzira dzakasiyana dzevanhu kuratidza kwavo pabonde-misiyano pabonde, murume kana murume, murume kana mukadzi, maitiro, nzira dzekukwikwidzana, pakati pevamwe. Ndivanaani isu, vatinoda, vatinoona sevanyengeri, vatinorara navo ... zvese chikamu cheedu pabonde-akasiyana Zvakadaro, ndeipi pfungwa yekutsvagisa uku uye dzidziso nezvebonde, ko vadzidzi vekusiyana pabonde vadzidzi vanokwana mukati meiyo "yunivhesiti"?

Nyanzvi dzakasiyana dzezvepabonde dzinoshanda mukati memadhipatimendi epfungwa, psychiatry, biology, anthropology, sociology, kana echikadzi zvidzidzo. Dzimwe nguva vanoshanda mukuraira, dzidzo, kutaurirana, hutano, kana mamwe madhipatimendi. Kunyangwe paine chivakwa chakadii chevanyanzvi vezvepabonde chavanowana ivo pachavo, mubvunzo wakakosha unosara ... kana mayunivhesiti ari pamusoro pekukudza hunyanzvi hwevadzidzi kuti vagowana mabasa anobhadhara zvakanaka, vadzidzi vehutano hwakasiyana vanoita sei? Sei kusiyana kwepabonde - matauriro atinoita pabonde - uchiva musoro wekuti mayunivhesiti (nehurumende) vanopedzera nguva yavo nemari yavo? Chii chakakosha?

Yazvino University

Mukuona kwangu, kana tichifunga nezvekukosha kwekusiyana kwepabonde kudzidza isu tinofanirwa kugara tichifunga nhoroondo chinangwa chechokwadi yeyunivhesiti yemazuva ano. Uye (zvakare mumaonero angu) chinangwa chechokwadi cheyunivhesiti chinotanga nerwendo rwekudzokera kuzana ramakore rechi19. Kutaura ...

Gore raive 1810. Wilhelm von Humboldt akagonesa Mambo wePrussia, Frederick Wilhelm III, kuvaka "yazvino" yunivhesiti muBerlin zvichibva pane zvakasununguka zvaFichte naSchleiermacher (Anderson, 2004). Wilhelm aive mukoma waAlexander von Humboldt, musayendisiti ane mukurumbira uyo akashevedza uyo Darwin akadana "mumwe wevanhu vakakurumbira pasi rose."

Izvi zvitsva HumboldtianYunivhesiti zvingave zvakasiyana zvakanyanya nezvikoro zvakapfuura. Kudzidza kwanga kusiri kwekungoburitsa zivo yazvino (chete izvo zvaifungidzirwa kuti zvaizivikanwa panguva iyoyo) zvaive zvekare kugadzira ruzivo rutsva uye kutarisa iyo nzira yekugadzira ruzivo rutsva muchiito . Zvaive zvekuve nhengo inokoshesesa yenharaunda yedzidzo, boka rine nhengo dzakawanda dzakasiyana dzakazvipira kuchizvarwa chitsva cheruzivo. Yakanga iri yekuve chikamu chemazuva ano yunivhesiti .

Iwe unoona, kusvika panguva iyoyo, zvikoro zvakawanda zvakapfuura zvaive zvimwe zvechitendero uko "chokwadi" chaifanirwa kuve choumwari uye choumwari, kana zvikoro zvaifanira kutariswa mhizha / mhizha zvairehwa kuburitsa vane hunyanzvi-hunyanzvi (zvinogona kuve zvakakosha kuchereka zvechitendero uye zvekutengeserana / zvemhando dzemhando dzezvikoro ndizvo izvo vamwe vanhu vanoda kuti isu tese tidzokere kwazviri, sechikamu chetsika yekuyedza kudzorera budiriro yedu ku pre-Enlightenment, Kugara-mhando yepakati).

Kuna Wilhelm von Humboldt, chinangwa cheichi chitsva HumboldtianYunivhesiti fomu redzidzo yepamusoro - yazvino "yunivhesiti" - yaive yekubatanidza vadzidzi ne kuwanikwa kwezivo sezvazvinoitika , uye kudzidzisa vadzidzi "kutora nhoroondo yemitemo yakakosha yesainzi mukufunga kwavo kwese" (Ponnusamy & Pandurangan, 2014). Yunivhesiti yeBerlin yakavambwa mu1810 (yakazotumidzwa zita rekuti Humboldt University mushure maWilhelm naAlexander) yakagadzika danho reiyo inonzi "yazvino" yunivhesiti. Zvakanga zvakasiyana. Uye zvakashandura nyika.

Izvi zvitsva Humboldt Muenzaniso yedzidzo yeyunivhesiti yakadzika midzi mumitemo yakati wandei, mitatu yacho inonyanya kukosha kuvadzidzi vehutano hwakasiyana.

Humboldt Musimboti 1 : Chinangwa che yunivhesiti dzidzo ndeyekudzidzisa vadzidzi ku funga zvinobudirira , kwete kungoziva hunyanzvi / hunyanzvi. Mhizha / mabasa / vashandi zvinodiwa zvinoda kuchinja nekufamba kwenguva, asi kugona funga zvinobudirirageneralizes . Humboldt akanzwa "kufunga kwakanaka" kunoitika vadzidzi pavanotora mitemo yakakosha yesainzi, vanoshandisa humbowo-hwakavakirwa pakufunga, vanofunga zvine musoro, vanoda kuziva uye vanozviratidza, uye vasina kugadzikana kana kuomarara mukutenda (kureva., Vadzidzi vanofanirwa kubva yakasimbisa mashura uye uteedzere Enlightenment-based tsika; onawo pano).

Vadzidzi zvakare vanofanirwa kuve pachena kune vanhu (kuva tsika muzvidzidzo zvekare uye zvemagariro) kuitira kuti uve mugari wemo uye ave neruzivo (kureva, kuva vadzidzi veupenyu hwese, kuve vatsoropodzi veA Absolutism uye chinzvimbo, kurudzirwa nekuziva nezve "kutsvagisa nhoroondo uye huwandu hwevanhu" h / t Steven Pinker], kuve vanoziva vanovhota mune democracy, zvichingodaro). ¹

Humboldt Musimboti 2 : Humboldt akataura zvakasimba kuti tsvakurudzo inofanirwa kutora chinzvimbo chakakosha pakati peyunivhesiti yemazuva ano ― uye kudzidzisa vadzidzi kuti vave chikamu chenharaunda inoziva kufunga, kuve nebasa, nekutaurirana zvinobudirira kunofanirwa kuitwa kuburikidza ne kusangana kwekutsvaga nekudzidzisa . Vadzidzi vanofanirwa kucherechedza "chiito chekusika" cheruzivo rutsva (Röhrs, 1987). Masayunivhesiti haasi nzvimbo dzekudzidzisa kukuru (mayunivhesiti haasi JMGS [Just-More-Giredhi-Chikoro]). Mazuva ano mayunivhesiti akakura nzanga dzevadzidzi , "Universitas litterarum" izvo zvinoramba zvichigadzira ruzivo rutsva muvadzidzi uye mukufunda-ruzivo rwekubatsira hutano hweveruzhinji, sainzi yekutanga, uye nzanga yeVhenekerwa.

Ichi ndicho chibvumirano chakaitwa naWilhelm von Humboldt naMambo wePrussia. Ichi ndicho chibvumirano chakatungamira kumayunivhesiti emazuva ano (uye kwete kungodzidzisa zvikoro). Hurumende inotsigira mayunivhesiti emazuva ano senzvimbo dzehunyanzvi hwekufunda, uye vese vadzidzi uye nzanga seyese ichabatsirwa mukufamba kwenguva. Ichi chibvumirano chakashanda sechitubu chehupenyu hwedu hwazvino.

Humboldt Musimboti 3 : Iyo yunivhesiti yemazuva ano iripo kubatsira vadzidzi pamwe nenzanga, asi inofanira kushanda se yakazvimirira sangano , kusingaite basa rakanangana nezvinodiwa zvehurumende kana chechi kana chero zvinangwa zvebhizimusi zvekuita purofiti. Anenge ese mayunivhesiti ari asiri-purofiti nemasikirwo, akagadzirirwa kushandira ruzhinji kunaka kuburikidza kudzidzisa vagari (ndiani anofanirwa kuziviswa vavhoti mumademokrasi pazvinenge zvakakodzera) uye kuda kuziva kunoitiswa (kwete purofiti inotyairwa) kubvunza kwepfungwa kunoburitsa ruzivo rutsva .

Vanapurofesa nevadzidzi vanofanirwa kuve vakasununguka kuteedzera kubvunza kwehungwaru uye kugadzira ruzivo rutsva chero kupi kwavo kuda kunotungamira kwavari (kureva, vane rusununguko rwezvidzidzo !). Mukufamba kwenguva, rusununguko rwekutevera mhinduro kumibvunzo yakakosha yezvakakosha (zvinopesana nekuiswa) mibvunzo inowanzo kutungamira kune kwakadzama ruzivo rwekugadzira.

Ini ndinofunga pane kungotevera kutungamira kwemabhizimusi ekuita-purofiti uye kutarisa kukoreji senge yekuita mari munguva pfupi, mayunivhesiti anofanirwa kuchengetedza kukoshesa kudzidzisa vadzidzi kuti funga zvinobudirira kweupenyu hwese, gadzira zvitsva kubva pakutsvaga kunotungamirwa, uye chengetedza rusununguko kubva kuhurumende, chechi, uye yepfuma-bhizinesi renyika (iine mapako ese maererano nemhando dzakasiyana dzeyunivhesiti mupfungwa).

Saka, mumaonero angu, kukosha kwekusiyana kwepabonde kudzidza, uye chikonzero icho chine nzvimbo mumayunivhesiti kutenderera pasirese, ndeyekuti inogona kuita zvese izvi zvinhu. Inobatsira vanhu kufunga zvine hungwaru pamusoro pavo nehumwe hupombwe kutenderera pasirese, inogadzira maturusi matsva anotsigirwa nesainzi ekuwedzera hutano hwepabonde nekugara zvakanaka, uye zvinoita zvakanyanya kana isiri-inotarisirwa nehurumende, machechi, kana bhizinesi rekuita purofiti. zvinangwa.

Mapako

Kune mamwe maonero pachinangwa chemayunivhesiti, ini handireve kureva kuti iyo Humboldt modhi ndiyo yega (zvirokwazvo, ini ndapa imwe asi yakagadzirirwa maonero eiyo Humboldt modhi misimboti uye maitiro avo). Zvakare, vazhinji vakacherekedza maitiro epamusoro ezvidzidzo kumayunivhesiti akasiyana kuti ave nezvinangwa zvakasiyana. Haasi ese mayunivhesiti anodikanwa ekutsvaga-kwakasimba. Iyi ipfungwa yakakosha. Zvisinei, zvisinei, imwe yemafungiro andinofarira pachinangwa chekutanga cheyunivhesiti- iyo inopfuura iyo Humboldt modhi- yakapihwa naSteven Pinker:

“Zvinoita sekunge kwandiri kuti vanhu vakadzidza vanofanirwa kuziva chimwe chinhu nezvegumi nematatu-bhirioni-emakore emhando yezvisikwa zvedu nemitemo yakakosha inodzora nyika nehupenyu, kusanganisira miviri yedu nehuropi. Ivo vanofanirwa kubata iyo nhanho yenguva yenhoroondo yevanhu kubva kutanga kwekurima kusvika zvino. Ivo vanofanirwa kuratidzirwa kune kusiana kwetsika dzevanhu, uye makuru masisitimu ekutenda uye kukosha uko vanhu vakaita kunzwisisa kwehupenyu hwavo. Ivo vanofanirwa kuziva nezve zviitiko zvekuumbika munhoroondo yevanhu, kusanganisira mhosho dzatinogona kutarisira kusadzokorora. Ivo vanofanirwa kunzwisisa misimboti iri kumashure kwehutongi hwegutsaruzhinji nekutonga kwemutemo. Ivo vanofanirwa kuziva nzira yekukoshesa mabasa engano uye hunyanzvi semanyuko emufaro wekunaka uye sekurudziro yekurangarira mamiriro emunhu.

Pamusoro peiyi zivo, dzidzo yakasununguka inofanirwa kuita dzimwe tsika dzekufunga kwechipiri hunhu. Vanhu vakadzidza vanofanirwa kutaura pfungwa dzakaomarara mukunyora kwakajeka nekutaura. Ivo vanofanirwa kukoshesa kuti ruzivo rwechinangwa chinhu chakakosha, uye vazive kusiyanisa chokwadi chakavezwa kubva pakutenda mashura, runyerekupe, uye kusanzwisisika kwakajairika huchenjeri. Ivo vanofanirwa kuziva nzira yekufunga zvine musoro uye zviverengero, vachidzivirira zvisizvo uye kusarudzika kune iyo pfungwa dzevanhu dzisina kudzidza dzinotambura. Ivo vanofanirwa kufunga zvine hungwaru pane mashiripiti, uye vazive izvo zvinotora kusiyanisa causation kubva kuhukama uye kusangana. Ivo vanofanirwa kuve vanoziva kwazvo kutadza kwevanhu, kunyanya kwavo, uye nekuziva kuti vanhu vasingabvumirane navo havasi ivo mapenzi kana akaipa. Saizvozvo, vanofanirwa kukoshesa kukosha kwekuyedza kushandura pfungwa nekunyengetedza pane kutyisidzira kana kusimudzira dzidziso. ”

Zvino ndicho chinangwa chakanaka, zvirokwazvo.

¹ Kana zvasvika paHumboldt's Principle 1 yevadzidzi veyunivhesiti mu psychology (kuraira kwangu), iyo American Psychological Association inonyora akateedzana ezvinangwa zvakakosha zvekuvandudza kufunga kwakanaka ...

• Chinangwa 1: Gadzira Base Ruzivo (ziva akakosha mafungidziro, misimboti, madingindira, zvemukati nzvimbo, akaiswa maficha echikuru)
• Chinangwa 2: Gadzira Sayenzi Kubvunzurudza uye Kwakakosha Kufunga (dzidza mashandisiro ekushandisa kufunga kwesainzi kududzira nyika, dzidza kuita mukufunga uye kubatanidza kufunga nekugadzirisa matambudziko
• Chinangwa 3: Gadzira Yako Maitiro uye Yemagariro Mutoro kune Akasiyana Nyika (ziva maitiro ekuzvibata, kuvaka uye kusimudzira hukama hwakasiyana hwehukama nehunyanzvi hwekushandira pamwe; kukudziridza hunhu hwako uye kuita hutungamiri hunovaka nharaunda munharaunda, munyika, nepasi rose)
• Chinangwa 4: Kutaurirana (dzidza kunyora zvinobudirira nekuda kwezvinangwa zvakasiyana, dzidza hunyanzvi hwekuratidzira hunyanzvi hwezvinangwa zvakasiyana)
• Chinangwa 5: Nyanzvi Yekuvandudza (dzidza maitiro ekushandisa aya hunyanzvi kuzvinangwa zvebasa, dzidza mashandisiro ekugona kuzvidzora uye kuzvidzora kuti uwane zvinangwa zvebasa, gadzira chirongwa chehunyanzvi chemutambo wehupenyu mushure mekupedza kudzidza)

Ponnusamy, R., & Pandurangan, J. (2014). Bhuku reruoko pane yunivhesiti system. New Delhi, India: Allied Vaparidzi.

Röhrs, H. (1987). Pfungwa yechinyakare yeyunivhesiti. In Tsika uye kugadzirisa kuyunivhesiti pasi peyese maoneroe. New York: Peter Lang International Dzidzo Vaparidzi.