Ndedzipi Ndidzo Mhosva Derek Chauvin Ari Kutarisana?

Zvemukati

• Pfungwa dzakakosha
• Mens Rea
• Kuuraya muMinnesota
• Mhosva Kupokana Chauvin

Pfungwa dzakakosha

• Kutongwa kwaDerek Chauvin kwasvika, asi vanhu vazhinji havanzwisise mhosva dzaari kutarisana nadzo chaizvo, kana kuti nei mhosva idzi dzakamhan'arwa.
• Chauvin ari kupomerwa mhosva yechipiri-degree kuuraya, chechitatu-degree kuponda, uye wechipiri-degree kuuraya.
• Pfungwa ye "mens rea," kana Chauvin's mental state panguva yekufa kwaFloyd, yakatungamira vachuchisi mukusarudza kwavo mhosva.

Derek Chauvin, aimbova mupurisa weMinneapolis, akapomerwa mhosva yekuuraya George Floyd. Mwaka wadarika, Chauvin akaonekwa pavhidhiyo achitsimbirira ibvi rake mumutsipa waFloyd kwemaminetsi akati wandei. Floyd, akasungwa maoko uye akarara nedumbu, akachema achibatsirwa, achidzokorora kutaura kuti aisagona kufema. Mavhidhiyo akatorwa nerufu runotyisa rwaFloyd akakurumidza kuenda kuhutachiona uye akakurudzira mwedzi yekuratidzira uye kusagadzikana kwevanhu munyika.

Kutongwa kwaDerek Chauvin kwasvika pakupedzisira. Uye, sezvakatarisirwa, zvave kufadza nyika. Nhau dzenhau dzenyika dzese dziri kuburitsa miedzo mizhinji mhenyu, ine nguva yakakosha zvakare yakapihwa kuongororwa kwemutemo uye kududziro yezviitiko zvezuva rega rega. Kwete kubvira kutongwa kwaGeorge Zimmerman kuve neruzhinji rwevanhu rwakapihwa mukutongwa kwepamutemo.

Uye zvakadaro, kunyangwe izvi zvisati zvamboitika kufambiswa kwenhau uye kufarira kwevanhu, vashoma vanhu (kunyangwe midhiya mapundits) vanoita kunge vanonzwisisa chii Chauvin akapomerwa mhosva, uye sei mhosva dzacho dzakamhan'arwa. Zviri pachokwadi kutaura kuti Chauvin akapomerwa mhosva ye "kuuraya," asi chirevo chakadaro chinopesana nekufungisisa uye kuomarara kwemhosva dzaari kupomerwa. Imperative mukuwongorora kwemhosva dzaipomerwa Chauvin its psychology; kana, zvakanyanya, mamiriro epfungwa aChavin panguva yekufa kwaFloyd.

Mens Rea

Vazhinji vasiri-magweta havazivi kukosha kwakadzama kwepfungwa dzemutadzi panguva yekupara mhosva. Mens rea (ChiLatin che "pfungwa ine mhosva") zvinoreva mamiriro epfungwa anodikanwa kuti mupe mumwe munhu mhosva. Kunyangwe kana mutadzi akanyatsoita chisiri pamutemo, havagone kutongerwa mhosva kunze kwekunge vaita ichochi nemafungiro epfungwa anodiwa. Iyo mens rea chinodikanwa chinotemerwa papfungwa yekuti munhu anofanirwa kuve nemamiriro epfungwa ane mhosva kuti anyatso kuve nemhosva. Mutongi weDare Repamusorosoro ane mukurumbira Oliver Holmes akaenzanisira pfungwa iyi muna 1909 paakataura kuti, "kunyange imbwa inoziva musiyano uripakati pekugumburwa nekurohwa."

Heino muenzaniso uri nyore: mhosva zhinji dzekushandisa zvinodhaka dzinoda kuti mutadzi achiziva kana nemaune kuva nechinhu chisiri pamutemo. Fungidzira kuti munhu asina hunhu akaisa muchivande kabhegi kokainiine mumukwende wako panhandare yendege. Munguva yekuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa, iyo mishonga inowanikwa. Iwe unoshamisika nemamiriro ezvinhu, usingazive kuti mishonga yakapinda sei muhomwe yako. Zvinotoshamisa kuti hauna kupara mhosva. Kunyangwe iwe uine zvinhu zvisiri pamutemo, hauna ziva kana chinangwa kutora chinhu, uye nekudaro kushaya chinodiwa mens rea.

Kuuraya muMinnesota

Tisati tataura nezvenyaya dzekupomerwa Chauvin, zvinobatsira kuti unzwisise mashandisiro anoita mhosva dzekuuraya pasi pemutemo weMinnesota. Nekuti kufa kwaFloyd kwakaitika muMinneapolis, mitemo yeMinnesota inoshanda mukutongwa kwaChavin. Pasi pemutemo weMinnesota, "kuuraya" kunogona kureva zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana. Kuuraya (kureva, kukonzera kufa kweumwe munhu), kunotsanangurwa nemutemo sematare mashanu akasarudzika:

• Kutanga-Degree Kuuraya. Izvi zvinofungidzirwa senzira inotyisa yekuponda uye inowanzove nemitongo yakakomba kwazvo yejeri. Kutanga-degree kuponda kunogona kuitika nenzira dzakasiyana siyana. Mhondi dzekutanga degree ndidzo idzo dzinoitirwa nemaune uye kufanofunga. Mune mamwe mazwi, mutadzi haangotsananguri kuuraya mumwe munhu chete, asi akarongawo uye akagadzirira kare kuti azviite. Nekudaro, kunyangwe kumwe kuuraya kusingafungidzirwe kunogona kuve yekutanga-degree kuuraya kana zvimwe "zvinhu zvinokuvadza" zvichishanda. Semuenzaniso, vane chinangwa-asi kwete kufanofungidzirwa--kuuraya kwemwana, mupurisa, mutongi, kana chapupu chekutongwa kunoita kuuraya kwekutanga. Kunyangwe mamiriro ezvinhu akati wandei anogona kukonzeresa kuuraya kwekutanga, kazhinji kutaura, kupomerwa kwakadai kunosanganisira (i) chinangwa nekufungidzira kana (ii) kuuraya kunoitwa pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinokuvadza. Kutanga-degree kuponda kunogona kutakura mutongo wakakura wehupenyu mutirongo. Iko hakuna mutongo werufu muMinnesota.
• Chechipiri-Degree Mhondi. Izvi zvinogona kusimuka munzira ina dzakasiyana: (1) nemaune kuuraya mumwe munhu, asi pasina kufanofungidzira (uye pasina zvinomutsa zvinhu zvingaite kuti ive degree rekuuraya), (2) kuuraya mumwe munhu asingadi, asi uchiita kufambisa-kupfura, (3) kuuraya mumwe munhu asingadi, asi asi tichishandisa chisimba kuita chitsotsi, (4) kuuraya mumwe munhu tisingadi, asi tichiyedza kukuvadza munhu iyeye, kana munhu iyeye aine chekudzivirira kurwisa mutadzi. Chechipiri-degree kuuraya kunogona kutakura mutongo wakakura wemakore makumi mana.
• Chechitatu-Degree Mhondi. Chechitatu-degree kuponda kuuraya kusingadi kunoitika nekuda kwe "pfungwa dzakashata." Uyu mutauro wechinyakare wakonzera kumwe kuongorora kunovhiringidza zviri pamutemo, asi zvinowanzofungidzirwa sekuita zvisina tsarukano, nekusakendenga kwakazara kuhupenyu hwevanhu. Muenzaniso unenge uchimhanyisa mamaira zana paawa kuburikidza nenzvimbo yechikoro uye nokusaziva uchiuraya mudzidzi kuyambuka pamharadzano. Chechitatu-degree kuuraya kunogona kutakura mutongo wakakura wemakore makumi maviri nemashanu.
• Kutanga-Degree Kuuraya. Kuuraya munhu chikamu chekuponda icho chinoonekwa sechisina mhosva kudarika "zvakajairika" humhondi, saka mhedzisiro yacho kazhinji haina kunyanya kuoma. Kuuraya kwekutanga-degree kunogona kusimuka nenzira dzakasiyana siyana, asi imwe nzira yakajairika: kuuraya mumwe munhu mu "kupisa kwechishuwo," zvichibva pakutsamwiswa kunogona kukonzera chero munhu anonzwisisa kuti arasikirwe nehunhu kwenguva pfupi. Muenzaniso wekare murume ari kuuraya mudiwa wemukadzi wake mushure mekuvawana vari pamubhedha pamwe chete. Kutanga-degree kuuraya kunogona kutakura mutongo wakakura wemakore gumi nemashanu.
• Chechipiri-Degree Kuuraya. Kuuraya kwechipiri-degree kuuraya kunokonzerwa nekuregeredza kwemutadzi. Kuregeredza — pfungwa yakakosha zvikuru zviri pamutemo — kunogona kungofungidzirwa sekusaitira hanya. Iko kukundikana kuita pamwe nedanho rekutarisira iro munhu anonzwisisa angadai akashandisa pasi pemamiriro akafanana. Chechipiri-degree kuuraya kunogona kutakura mutongo wakakura wemakore gumi.

Mhosva Kupokana Chauvin

Chauvin akapomerwa mhosva nhatu: yechipiri-degree kuuraya, chechitatu-degree kuponda, uye wechipiri-degree kuuraya. Ngatitarisei zvino kuti nei muchuchisi akasarudza kuunza idzi mhosva.

Kutanga-Degree Kuuraya

Vanhu vazhinji vakatsoropodza chokwadi chekuti Chauvin haana kupomerwa mhosva yekutanga kuponda, mhosva yakakura kwazvo. Mushure mezvose, mavhidhiyo erufu rwaFloyd anotyisa. Asi, zvakakosha kuti urangarire kuti yekutanga-degree kuuraya kunoda (i) chinangwa uye kufanofunga kana (ii) kuuraya pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinomutsa zvinhu. Hapana chimwe cheizvi chinoshanda mune yekufa kwaFloyd. Hazvinyatsoita kuti Chauvin aisango tarirwa chete kuuraya Floyd, asi zvakare akaronga uye akaronga kuita saizvozvo. Saizvozvowo, hapana chimwe chezvinhu zvinokuvadza zvakanyorwa mune yekutanga-degree yekuuraya mutemo chakakodzera.

Chechipiri-Degree Mhondi

Chechipiri-degree kuponda, nekusiyana, kuri kunyanya kushanda. Rangarira, yechipiri-degree kuuraya kunogona kuitika nenzira dzakasiyana dzakasiyana. Zvizhinji zvine chekuita nenyaya iyi ndezvekuti (1) kuuraya mumwe munhu nemaune, asi pasina kufanofunga uye (2) kuuraya mumwe munhu asingadi, asi asi uchishandisa mhirizhonga kuita chitsotsi. Sezvineiwo, muchuchisi mune ino kesi haasi kuyedza kuratidza kuti Chauvin aida kuuraya Floyd. Asi, ivo vari kuyedza kuratidza kuti Chauvin akauraya Floyd asingadi, asi vachishandisa chisimba kuita chitsotsi (kureva, kurwiswa kwakanyanya kunosanganisira kuisa mabvi ake pamutsipa waFloyd, uyo akasungwa maoko uye neimwe nzira atokundwa). Kunyangwe kufa kwaFloyd kwakakonzera kudzikama kukuru kwekunzwa, zvingave zvakaoma kugonesa vatongi kuti Chauvin akanyatsoda kuuraya Floyd. Zvakarurama kana zvisizvo, gweta redziviriro raizopokana kuti Chauvin chinangwa chake chaive chekudzivirira Floyd achimirira vashandi vekurapa kuti vasvike, kwete kumuuraya. MuUnited States, mitongo yemhosva mukutongwa kwematsotsi inofanira kugara yakabatana. Nekudaro, vese maJurors gumi nemaviri eMinnesota vaifanira kutenda kunze kwekusahadzika kunonzwisisika kuti Chauvin aida kuuraya Floyd. Uku kubheja kwakashata. Icho chirevo chiri nyore kuratidza kuti kufa kwaFloyd kwaive kusiri kwekuziva, asi kwakaitika apo Chauvin aiita zvechisimba kurwisa. Chero nzira inosvitsa mukutongwa kumwechete kwechipiri-degree kuuraya.

Chechitatu-Degree Mhondi

Chechitatu-degree kuponda, uko kunoda kuti rufu riitike zvisingaite asi ne "pfungwa dzakashata," zvinoenderanawo nezviito zvaChavin. Muchuchisi achada kuratidza kumatare kuti Chauvin akaita nekusava nehanya nehupenyu hwevanhu nekuisa mabvi ake pamutsipa waFloyd kwemaminetsi akati wandei, kunyangwe Floyd achienderera mberi achiti haakwanise kufema.

Kutanga- uye Chechipiri-Degree Kuuraya

Kutanga-degree kuuraya hakushandi mune ino kesi. Floyd haana kuita zviito zvingadai zvakamutsamwisa Chauvin kuti arasikirwe nehunhu, uye hapana zvimwe zviri pamutemo zvinoenderana. Kupesana, yechipiri-degree kuuraya kunoshanda. Kuti uwane mhosva yekuuraya munhu padanho repiri, muchuchisi anozoda kugonesa dare kuti kufa kwaFloyd kwakaitika nekuda kwekuregeredza kwaCauvin. Pakati pekuponda kwechitatu-degree uye kuuraya kwechipiri-degree, mubvunzo unenge uri wekuti zviito zvaChavin zvakaenzana nekuregeredza (nekudaro zvichipa mhosva kutongwa kwekuuraya kwechipiri-degree) kana "pfungwa yakashata" (kururamisa kutongwa kana kuponda kwechitatu-degree). Kana, pamwe hapana.

Chauvin's Dziviriro

Sezvazviri ikozvino, zvakachengeteka kutaura kuti gweta redziviriro raChavin rakatarisana nehondo yekukwira. Vhidhiyo humbowo hwezviito zvaChavin zvinokatyamadza zvisingaite. Asi, pane "nzira yekutiza" yaChavin iyo zano rake ichaedza nepese pavanogona kushandisa. Kana dziviriro ikakwanisa kuratidza kuti zviito zvaChavin hazvina kudaro kukonzera Rufu rwaFloyd, achasunungurwa pamhosva dzose nhatu.

Muhurongwa hwemutemo wematsotsi, vatadzi vanongova nemhosva yezviito zvavanokonzeresa chaizvo. Uyezve, inofanirwa kuratidzwa kuti mumhan'ari ane mhosva yezvinhu zvese zvemhosva kupfuura kusahadzika kunonzwisisika . Nekudaro, vatongi vanofanirwa kungova necimwe chikamu chidiki chekusahadzika kuti Floyd akafa nezviito zvaCauvin, kwete kubva kune zvimwe zvikonzero, kuti vamuwane asina mhosva. Zvakakosha pano huchave humbowo kubva kune vanoongorora vezvekurapa avo vakaita kuongorora kwaFloyd, kunonzi kuvepo kwefentanyl, methamphetamine, nemimwe mishonga muhurongwa hwake panguva yekufa, pamwe nemamwe matambudziko ehutano anga aripo.

Pakutarisa mhosva yega yega yakaunzwa kuna Chauvin, zviri pachena kuti vachuchisi vakafunga zvakadzama nezve mamiriro ake epfungwa panguva yekufa kwaFloyd. Iyi kesi inobatsira kuratidza yakakosha pfungwa ye mens rea mumutemo wedu. Chokwadi, huwandu hwakawanda hwematsotsi mumakodhi edu emutemo anosanganisira epfungwa mamiriro. Kazhinji, miedzo yose inozoiswa zvakaringana kuona kuti chii chaiitika mukati mepfungwa dzemutadzi panguva yechiito chisiri pamutemo.