Chiuno, chiuno uye iyo Sexy Hourglass Shape

Zvidzidzo zvakati wandei - kunyanya zvevakadzi uye zvisingawanzo kuve zvevarume - vakaedza kuona mafomu emuviri ayo eanhurume pabonde anokwezva. Chinangwa chakajairika ndechekuona chaiwo maficha anogona kunge akashanduka semasaini anoratidza kugona kubereka. Asi zvingaratidza zvirinyore here zviratidzo kuva makiyi kune akaomesesa maitiro esarudzo yemumwe munhu sarudzo?

Zviratidzo zvekudanana

Ini ndinonyatso rangarira maitiro ehunhu neangu aimbova chipangamazano Niko Tinbergen makore makumi mashanu apfuura. Chainyanya kufadza kwaive kutsvagurudza kwake kwekufambidzana mune hove yakaderera, iyo yakanamira nhatu. Sezvo mwaka wekubereka unotanga, murume wechikuru anogadzira nzvimbo mumvura isina kudzika uye anovaka dendere-rakafanana neduri rine zvimedu zvehuswa pamusoro peburi diki. Kune chero mukadzi anodarika ane dumbu-rakazvimba dumbu, anoita zig-zag kutamba, kutanga oshambira akananga kwaari uye wozomutungamira kuenda kudendere. Mukadzi anoshambira nemumugwagwa, achiisa akawanda mazai, uye murume anotevera kuadiridza. Mushure mezvo, anofuridzira mvura kuburikidza nedendere kutenderera nguva kuti awedzere mazai.

Iyi nhevedzano yekudanana yakatungamira Tinbergen kuti ione chiratidzo chinosimudzira - chiratidzo chiri nyore chinomutsa imwe mhinduro. Rume rinonamira munzvimbo yaanoberekera rinokura muvara mutsvuku pachipfuva, izvo zvese zvinokwezva vanhukadzi uye zvinokonzeresa hukasha kubva kune vamwe varume. Saizvozvowo, dumbu rechikadzi rakatakura mazai chiratidzo chinosimudzira kufambidzana kwemurume. Achishandisa zvidhoma zvisina tsarukano zvinodzokorora zvinhu zvakakosha chete, Tinbergen airatidza kuti dhamu rine huro rakatsvukuruka "murume", akafamba mufashoni zig-zag, anokwezva mukadzi kudendere, nepo mukadzi ane dumbu-akazvimba ane "mukadzi" anomutsa kufambidzana kwevanhurume. Chokwadi, Tinbergen yakaratidza kuti chiratidzo chinowedzeredzwa - chinoshamisa simba - chinogona kutonyanya kushanda. Semuenzaniso, dummy "murume" ane inopenya-kupfuura-yakajairwa zamu tsvuku yakaburitsa hukasha hwakasimba kubva kune bvunzo varume.

Kusunungura zviratidzo muvakadzi?

Kunyangwe hunhu hwevanhu hwakanyanya kuomarara, vaongorori vakatsvaga zviratidzo zvakafanana mumadzimai. Mune muyero bvunzo zvidzidzo zvinokumbirwa kuyera kukwezva kwemaviri-mativi mifananidzo. Ichitevera mapepa maviri epamuviri naDevendra Singh muna1993, kutarisisa kwakanangana pachiyero pakati pechiuno nehupamhi hwehupamhi mumutsara wemukadzi, zvichiratidza kugoverwa kwemafuta emuviri. Chiuno: hudyu ratios (WHRs) haisati yapindana pakati pepabonde. Mhando dzakasiyana dzehutano dzakaenzana 0.67-0.80 yevakadzi ve premenopausal uye 0.85-0.95 yevarume. Achiona kuti "fungidziro dzese dzekusarudzwa kwemurume nemukadzi zvichienderana neshanduko yemitemo inofungidzira kuti kukwezva kunopa chiratidzo chakavimbika kune kukosha kwekubereka kwemukadzi ... 0.7 seinonyanya kukwezva kupfuura chero ipi ine hunhu hwepamusoro.

Kunyanyisa kuwedzeredza kweiyo hourglass chimiro mune mukurumbira 19th Century "wasp-chiuno" corsets yakadudzirwa seinoshamisa masimba inosimudzira hunhu hwevakadzi. Zvinoshamisika, zvisinei, zvimiro zvakaumbwa zve "Venus" kubva kuPalaeolithic - ine WHR ratios yakatenderedza 1.3 - zvakadudzirwa nenzira imwecheteyo.

Zvidzidzo zvinotevera zvakaratidza pachena kuti varume kazhinji vanoyera maumbirwo emadzimai neWRR pakati pe0.6 ne0.8 seinonyanya kukwezva. Zvakare, kufarira kwakaderera WHR kunoenderana kune akati wandei akasiyana vanhu uye tsika. In Kuita Zvepabonde , Alan Dixson anonyora anofarira WHR kukosha kwe0.6 yevadzidzi veChinese mayunivhesiti uye Hadza muvhimi-vanounganidza veTanzania, 0.7 yevaIndia neCaucasian America, uye 0.8 yevarume muBakossiland, Cameroon. Mune pepa ra2010, Barnaby Dixson nevamwe vaaishanda navo vakashandisa kuteedzera maziso kuongorora zvido zvevarume zveWHR yevakadzi uye saizi yemazamu. Vakanyora zvigadziriso zvekutanga uye nguva dzekugara dzevanhurume vachiona mifananidzo-yepamberi yemukadzi mumwe chete akashandisirwa kusiyana muWRR (0.7 kana 0.9) uye saizi yemazamu. Mukati me200 milliseconds ekutanga kweimwe bvunzo, kungave iwo mazamu kana chiuno kwakaburitsa kutanga kutaridzika kwekuona. Mifananidzo ine WHR ye0.7 yakatarwa seinonyanya kukwezva, zvisinei nemazamu saizi.

Mune yekutaurirana ya1998, zvakadaro, Douglas Yu naGlenn Shepard vakataura kuti vanhurume vanofarira vakadzi vane yakaderera WHR vanogona kunge vasiri vetsika tsika. Vachiona kuti "tsika dzese dzakayedzwa kusvika pari zvino dzakatarisana nekwaniso inokanganisa yevatapi venhau vekumadokero", vanyori ava vakaongorora zvido zvavo munharaunda ine vanhu vazhinji vevanhu vekwaMatsigenka vekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwePeru. Varume veMatsigenka vakasarudzira marondedzero ane WHR yakakwira, vachitsanangura ichi chinenge chimiro chetubular sehutano. Mune kuyedzwa kwevamwe vagari vemunharaunda pane gradient yekuwedzera kwekumadokero, zvido zve WHR zvishoma nezvishoma zvakaswedera kune izvo zvakataurwa kune nyika dzekumadokero. Yu naShepard vakapedzisa kuti bvunzo dzakapfuura "dzinogona kunge dzakangoratidza kupararira kwenzvimbo dzekumadokero". Asi chidzidzo ichi chinonetsa nekuti varume vakabvunzwa kuyera madhiri ekumadokero kubva kuzvidzidzo zvekutanga zvaSingh pane zvimiro zvetsika zvakafanira.

WHR maringe nemutumbi?

Dambudziko rakapararira rehuwandu hwekuvhiringidza misiyano zvakare inyaya (ona yangu Chikunguru 12, 2013 posvo Iyo Shuramurove-uye-Mucheche Musungo ). Zvimwe zvinokonzeresa kusangana pakati peakaderera WHR uye kukwezva ratings. Semuenzaniso, zvave kurongerwa kuti iko chaiko kutyaira kukanganisa muviri mass index (BMI).

Mu2011, Ian Holliday nevamwe vake vakashandisa kuongororwa kwakawanda kwemitumbi yevakadzi kuvaka makomputa-akagadzirwa 3-mativi mifananidzo akapesana zvinoenderana neBMI kana WHR. Kukwezva ratings nevese vanhukadzi zvinonzi zvakabatana nekusiyana muBMI asi kwete mu WHR. Ongororo dzehuropi dzakanyorwa neMRI inoshanda panguva yekuyedzwa yakaratidza kuti kuchinja BMI modulated chiitiko muzvikamu zvehuropi mubairo system. Izvo zvakagumiswa kuti uremu hwemuviri, kwete chimiro chemuviri, ndizvo chaizvo zvinotyaira kukwezva.

Asi muna 2010, chidzidzo chetsika nemagariro chakataurwa naDevendra Singh, Barnaby Dixson, Alan Dixson nevamwe vaive vaburitsa zvakapesana. Vanyori ava vakabvumidza mhedzisiro inokwanisika yeBMI nekushandisa bvunzo mapikicha evakadzi vanga vaitwa cosmetic micrograft kuvhiyiwa kutetepa chiuno nekumisazve matako, vachinyatso shandura WHR. Mutsika dzese dzakaedzwa, varume vakatonga vakadzi vane yakaderera WHR seinonyanya kukwezva zvisinei nekuwedzera kana kuderera muBMI.

Zvimwe zvikonzero zvekuchenjerera

Dudziro dzechero chiratidzo chinoratidza kukwezva kwevakadzi senge WHR dzinopokana. Rudimentary 2D inomiririra yemukadzi wechikadzi inowanzo shandiswa mumayedzo yakanyanya kuwedzeredzwa kana ichienzaniswa neyakaomarara 3D chaiyo. Zvakare, mitezo yemuviri inonyanya kuratidzwa pamberi pekutarisa. Zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezvemhinduro dzevanoda kuseri kana kudivi kwemaonero, ndoda kune iyo chaiyo 3D chaiyo.

Mune bepa ra2009, James Rilling nevamwe vake vakashandisa nzira yakazara yekubvunzurudza inosanganisira mavhidhiyo e3D uye 2D ichiri kupfura mhando dzevakadzi chaidzo dzinotenderera muchadenga. Kuongorora kwakaratidza kuti kudzika kwemimba uye chiuno chakakomberedza ndizvo zvakafungisisa zvekukwezva, zvichidarika zvese WHR neBMI.

Mumwe anonyanya kukwikwidza pamberi pekuratidzira - iro bvudzi repabhawa rinotanga panguva yekuyaruka uye rinoratidza shanduko yekuva mukadzi - kashoma kutariswa. Chinhu chakasarudzika kusarudzika kudzidza kwakaitwa naChristopher Burris naArmand Munteanu vevadzidzi vechirume vepasikiriyasi izvo, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, zvakaongorora mhinduro kumisiyano yakatarwa yebvudzi revasikana. Zvinoshamisa, kusavapo kwakazara kwebvudzi repabic kwakaverengerwa sekusimudzira kwakawanda. Izvi zvakadudzirwa neyakafungidzirwa fungidziro inobatanidza yakawedzera bvudzi repabic mumadzimai kumazinga epamusoro e testosterone uye kushaya mbereko uye zvichipa huwandu hwepamusoro kuvarume zvakanyanya kurongeka mukusagadzikana kwevakadzi. Asi yakakosha, inokanganisa nzvimbo yakapfuura isina kutaurwa: Mune chero echokwadi mamiriro ekushanduka, kushomeka kwakazara kwebvudzi repabic kunofanira kuratidza kusabereka nekuda kwekusakura. Mumwe angagona sei kutsanangura kufarirwa kweBrazilian bikini waxing mumashanduriro?

Zvisinei nezvenyaya, isu tinofanirwa kungwarira chero tsananguro yekushanduka iyo inoderedza kusangana kwakapindirana kwevanhu kune yakapusa yekusimudzira-mhinduro maitiro eanonamira.

Zvinyorwa

Burris, C.T. & Munteanu, A.R. (2015) Kumutsa kwakakura mukupindura kune kwakakura kwemadzimai epubiki bvudzi kwakabatana nekumwe kuita kwakanaka kune kusagadzikana kwevakadzi pakati pevarume vanoita zvepabonde. Canadian Zvinyorwa Zvevanhu Pabonde24 : DOI: 10.3138 / cjhs.2783.

Dixson, AF (2012) Kuita Zvepabonde Kuita Zvepabonde: Kuenzanisa Zvidzidzo zvevaProsimians, Tsoko, Tsoko uye Vanhu (Yechipiri Chinyorwa). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Dixson, BJ, Grimshaw, GM, Unganidzo, WL & Dixson, AF (2010) Kutarisisa kwemeso kwevanoda zvechiuno-kusvika-muchiyero uye kukura kwemazamu evakadzi. Nhoroondo Dzepabonde40 :43-50.

Holliday, YAI, Longe, OA, Thai, N., Hancock, PB & Tovée, M.J.(2011) BMI kwete WHR inogadzirisa BOLD fMRI mhinduro mune sub-cortical mubairo network kana vatori vechikamu vatonga kukwezva kwemitezo yevakadzi yemunhu. PLoS Imwe6(11) : e27255.

Kugaya, JK, Kaufman, TL, Smith, EO, Patel, R. & Worthman, CM (2009) Kuderera kwemukati uye chiuno chakakomberedzwa semasimba anokanganisa kukwezva kwevanhukadzi. Evhangeri uye Hunhu Hwevanhu30 :21-31.

Singh, D. (1993) Adaptive kukosha kwekukwezva kwevakadzi: chinzvimbo chechiuno kusvika muchiuno chiyero. Zvinyorwa zveMunhu uye Zvemagariro Psychology65 :293-307.

Singh, D. (1993) Chimiro chemuviri uye kukwezva kwevakadzi: rakakosha basa rechiuno-kusvika-muchiuno chiyero. Hunhu hwevanhu4 :297-321.

Singh, D., Dixson, BJ, Jessop, TS, Morgan, B. & Dixson, A.F. (2010) Yambuka tsika kubvumirana kwechiuno-hudyu chiyero uye kukwezva kwevakadzi. Evhangeri uye Hunhu Hwevanhu31 :176-181.

Tinbergen, N. (1951) Kudzidza Kwesimba. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Yu, DW & Shepard, MH. (1998) Runako here muziso remuoni? Zvisikwa396 :321-322.