U.S. Hurumende Pfungwa Kudzora Ongororo

Purojekiti MKULTRA yaive yeCentral Intelligence Agency's (CIA) chirongwa chekudzora pfungwa icho chakashandisa LSD uye hypnosis matekiniki ekutsvagisa vanhu. Theodore Kaczynski, anozivikanwa zvakare seUngabomber, aive mumubatanidzwa mune kumwe kuyedza kwaHenry Murray kuHarvard uko timu yaMurray yakashusha, yakashungurudza, uye nepfungwa vakaputsa vatori vechikamu. Henry Murray akamboshanda kune akafanotangira CIA uye anogona kunge akapihwa mari neyakavanzika chirongwa cheMKULTRA.

Nhoroondo yeEthic Breeches

Sayenzi yakave nemugove wayo wekutyora kwetsika, kazhinji nevanhu vane njodzi yekushandiswa (Davis, 2006). Kubva 1932-1972, iyo Tuskegee Syphilis yekudzidza yakatora varume vatema kune syphilis zvidzidzo (Amdur, 2011). Vana muzvipatara zvepfungwa vakatapukirwa nehepatitis (Willowbrook Hepatitis zvidzidzo zvema1950), vakafumurwa nemwaranzi (Davis, 2006), uye varwere vane immune system dzakakanganiswa vakabayiwa nemaronda ekenza mhenyu (Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Zvidzidzo zvema1960 , Amdur, 2011). Kuita kwezviitiko zverudzi urwu kwakatungamira kune yazvino Institutional Ongorora Bhodhi System, zvichibva pamisimboti ye1974 Belmont Report (Amdur & Bankert, 2011; Bankert & Amdur, 2006).

Hurumende yeU.S. Chakavanzika Chekuita Ongororo

ICIA yakapindura kumishumo yemakemikari anoshandiswa kubvunzurudza uye kushambidza pfungwa muSoviet Union nePeople's Republic of China muma1940 nema1950. Mukupindura kutyisidziro yekuchengetedzeka kwenyika, vakagadzira zvirongwa zvakateedzana zvinosanganisira MKULTRA (Sarudza Komiti yeUngwaru neKomiti yeVashandi, 1977). Kubva 1953-1964, hurumende yeUS yakaita hunhu hwekugadzirisa hunhu pavanhu vavakaedza, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, iko kushandiswa kwe hypnosis uye LSD yezvinangwa zvechihwande. (CBS Network, 1984; CIA, 1977; Sarudza Komiti yeUngwaru uye Komiti yeVashandi, 1977).

Hypnosis ndeyekutarisa-kutarisa, maitiro anehukama-anehukama ayo anove neiyo induction nhanho uye danho rezano (Kassin, 2004). Muchikamu chekudzidziswa, kutarisisa kwemunhu kunova kwakanyanya. Muchikamu chekupa zano, munhu akavhurika kune mazano akaitwa naiye hypnotist. Hypnosis dzimwe nguva inoshandiswa kurapa phobias, kushushikana, uye kurwadziwa (Zimbardo, Johnson, & Weber, 2006). Humbowo hunoratidza kuti avo vane hypnotised havateerere zvavakapokana nezvavanoda (Wade & Tavris, 2000).

Ivo vanhu vanosiyana mukukanganisa kwavo hypnosis (Kirsch & Braffman, 2001). Solomon Asch akabata nhoroondo yezve hypnosis aine hurukuro yekuti kufarira hypnosis kwaive sei chinhu chakakonzera kutsvagisa kwepfungwa dzezvemagariro pamusoro pezvekufungidzira kwakawanda (Asch, 1952). Iyo CIA's PROJECT ARTICHOKE yakashandisa sodium pentothal uye hypnosis kune vatori vechikamu mukutsvaga nzira dzinoshanda dzekubvunzurudza (Sarudza Komiti Yekudzidza Hurumende Mashandiro neRuremekedzo kuIngwaru Mabasa, United States Seneti, 1976).

Iyo CIA's MKULTRA chirongwa chaisanganisira 162 yakavanzika CIA-yakatsigirwa mapurojekiti kumasere makumi masere nevane 185 vatsvagiri (Eschner, 2017). Zvizhinji zvezvinyorwa zvechirongwa zvakaparadzwa pamirairo yeCIA Director Richard Helms muna 1973, asi zvimwe zvakashaikwa mukuparadzwa zvakawanikwa muna 1977 (Sarudza Komiti yeUngwaru neKomiti yeVashandi, 1977). CIA Chemist Sidney Gottleib akamhanya chirongwa cheMKULTRA (Gross, 2019). Chirongwa ichi chakaitiswa zvakanangana kuve nenzira yakarongeka yekutsvagisa hutsva hwekuzvibata hune chekuita nekuwachisa pfungwa pasina kukwezva veruzhinji kana mibvunzo yetsika kubva kunharaunda huru yesainzi. Zvidzidzo izvi zvakaongorora kushambidza kwepfungwa uye kubvunzurudza uye zvaisanganisira mashandisiro emunda mushure mekuongororwa kwerabhoritari.

Ndezvipi zvimwe zvezvidzidzo izvi zvakaita? Imwe theme ndeyekuti vazhinji vaive vasina mvumo yekuziva uye nemabatiro akanaka etsika. Ewen Cameron akaedza kudzima ndangariro nekudzokorora electro-kuvhunduka kurapwa, kumanikidza mwedzi yekurara-inokonzeresa kurara, uye nekudzokororazve LSD kuvarwere vake muMontreal (Kassam, 2018). Mushonga unowanzozivikanwa se LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) , iserotonin agonist iyo inogadzira yakasarudzika maonero ekuona (Carlson, 2010). Vazhinji veava varwere vakauya kukiriniki kuzorapwa kuora mwoyo zvine mwero uye pachinzvimbo vakaitirwa mwedzi inotyisa yekubatwa zvisina kunaka.

Sechikamu chechirongwa cheMKULTRA, Mumiriri weCIA akabhadhara pfambi kuti tsvete LSD muzvinwiwa zvevanhu uye akacherekedza zvakaitika kubudikidza negirazi-nzira mbiri (Zetter, 2010). Muna 1953, Dr. Frank Olson vakapihwa LSD nevamiriri veCIA vasingazive uye vakafa semhedzisiro (Sarudza Komiti yeUngwaru neKomiti yeVashandi, 1977). CIA Agents vaitungamira LSD kune vamwe vagari vavakasangana navo kumabhawa nekumwewo. Vamiririri vakakoka vagari venyika ku "dzimba dzekuchengetedza" muSan Francisco neNew York City kwavakapihwa mishonga pasina mvumo.

Vasungwa, varwere vekenza vanorwara zvakaipisisa, uye mauto eAmerica akashandiswawo zvimwe zvezvidzidzo, uye zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakatsvakwa zvakatsvaga kuburitsa huronyo nemafungu ekurira. Zvakawanda zvekutsvagisa zvakanangana nekuvandudzwa kwe "chokwadi serum" iyo yaizobatsira kutevedzera mukubvunzurudzwa (Sarudza Komiti yeUngwaru neKomiti yeVashandi, 1977).

Sangano reNational Institute of Mental Health rakabhadhara zvimwe zvezvidzidzo zvakaitiswa vasungwa vakapindwa muropa nezvinodhaka. LSD yakapihwa kunopfuura varwi chiuru nemazana muchiuto cheU.S. (Sarudza Komiti yeUngwaru neKomiti yeVashandi, 1977.) Maererano neSeneti yeUnited States yeSeneti yekudzidza mashandiro ehurumende nekuremekedza mabasa ehungwaru (1976), mumiyedzo vachishandisa vasingazivi, vasingazvipire zvidzidzo zvevanhu. Idzi bvunzo dzakagadzirirwa kuona zvinogona kuitika zvemakemikari kana zvipenyu kana zvichishandiswa kuvhiya vanhu vasingazive kuti vatambira mushonga "(p. 385).

Harvard's Unabomber

Chimwe chidzidzo chezvematambudziko chakaitwa naHenry A. Murray. Murray aive purofesa paHarvard University uye akange amboshandira Hofisi yeStrategic Services (iyo yakatungamira kuCIA) panguva yeHondo Yenyika II. Akanyora "Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler," kwaive kuongorora kwepfungwa kwaHitler kwaishandiswa nemauto. Munguva iyi, akabatsirawo kugadzira bvunzo kuongorora varwi, kuitisa bvunzo pakugeza pfungwa, uye kuona kuti masoja aigona sei kutsungirira kubvunzurudzwa. Zvidzidzo zvekubvunzurudzwa zvaisanganisira kubvunzurudza kwakanyanya pamusoro pemasoja sechikamu chekutarisa miganho yemapfungwa avo ekutyora pfungwa (Chase, 2000). Kubva 1959-1962, Murray akaita zvidzidzo zvakadaro zvekubvunzurudza paHarvard undergraduates (Chase, 2000). Theodore Kaczynski, uyo akazozivikanwa saThe Unabomber, aive mumwe wevane makumi maviri nevaviri vakapinda muchidzidzo chaMurray, akabvunzwa makore akati wandei achibvunzurudzwa akagadzirirwa kupwanya murume wechidiki uyu.

Mhedziso

Hazvishamise kuti bhuku raRichard Condon ra1959, Mukwikwidzi weManchurian, yakabata kutarisisa kwakanyanya panguva yekuguma kwemuswe wechirongwa cheMKULTRA.Rukova rwemamwe mafirimu nguva pfupi mushure memisangano yeSeneti ya1977 yakabata vazhinji vevanhu kutya kwehurumende kushungurudzwa kwepfungwa (semuenzaniso, Chakavanzika cheNIMH muna 1982 uye Chirongwa X muna 1987). Kunonoka kutya kwekubiridzira kushandiswa kunowanikwa mune mavara akaita seScreenslaver mukati Zvinoshamisa 2 kubva muna 2018. Chidzidzo chisina hunhu chakakanganisa maonero eruzhinji yesainzi ari kutsungirira.