Twin Zvidzidzo uye iyo "Nhaka yeKurara"

"Chaiita senge rwizi rusingaperi rwemapatya evarume vane makore masere ekuberekwa aidira mukamuri. Mapatya mushure memapatya ... zviso zvavo, kumeso kwavo kwakadzokororwa kwekuti paingova nemumwe chete pakati pevakawanda vavo ... (p. 172) "... kunge honye dzavainge vazara ..." (peji 178) akanyora Aldous Huxley mu Nyika Itsva Yakashinga . (1932) Pano paive ne "musimboti wekugadzirwa kwemazhinji pakupedzisira wakashandiswa kune biology:" (p.9) kugadzirwa kwemamiriyoni emapatya akafanana, (uye "kwete mapipi maviri nevatatu semazuva ekare eviviparous") (peji 8) asi "kusimudzira kunoshamisa pane zvakasikwa" (peji 8) iyo yaida kuitirwa kugadzikana munharaunda.

Mifananidzo ye Nyika Itsva Yakashinga zvinotyisa uye zvinodzinga, asi mapatya akafadza vanhu munhoroondo yese. Kune mamwe mapatya emifananidzo echiRoma, Romulus naRemus, avo vakayamwa nemhumhi-mhumhi, uye vaRomulus vakawana Roma yekare. Uye paive nemapatya mukoma Jacob naEsau muBhuku raGenesisi: Isau, "wekutanga akabuda akatsvuka, kwese kuita senguo ine mvere." (Mavambo 25:25) "Tarira Esau mukoma wangu murume ane mvere, ini ndiri murume wakatsetseka." (Mavambo 27:11) (Kuti uwane dudziro yenyaya iyi kubva kunaGenesi, teerera kumharidzo, Tora Pew, naAlan Bennett, kubva Kunze kweMupendero: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UOsYN---eGk.) Uye muShakespeare's Gumi nembiri Husiku , mapatya Viola naSebastian vakafanana zvakanyanya, vanotsanangurwa se "kumeso kumwe, izwi rimwe, tsika imwe uye vanhu vaviri. Maonero echisikigo, ndiko kuti, uye kwete," anodaro Duke. Uye Antonio anowedzera, "Wazvipatsanura sei? Kutsemuka kweapuro kuita zviviri hakusi mapatya kupfuura zvisikwa zviviri izvi." (Chiito V, Chiitiko 1)

Kunyangwe Viola naSebastian zvainetsa kusiyanisa kubva kune mumwe nemumwe, ivo, sevarume nevakadzi, hama, kana dizygotic (DZ) mapatya uye vanomuka muchibereko kubva panguva imwechete yekudyara kwemazai maviri nembeu mbiri. Ivo vanogovana, sevamwe vana vehama mumhuri, chete 50% yeDNA yavo. Pamwechete kana monozygotic (MZ) mapatya anomuka kubva pakupatsanurwa kweimwechete embryo uye vanogovana zvine mutsindo 100% yeDNA yavo uye saka vanogara vari vebonde rimwe chete. Kutsunga kwekuongorora kumisikidza zygosity ndiyo nhanho yekutanga pakuongorora mapatya uye inowanzoitwa nekuongorora bvudzi bvudzi, maziso, chimiro chenzeve, muromo, mazino, uye humwe hunhu hwepanyama, kusanganisira zvigunwe zvemunwe, pamwe neakaomesesa eropa boka antigen zvidzidzo . (Börjeson, Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica , 1976)

Zano rekushandisa mapatya mukutsvaga rinowanzo fanirwa kuna Sir Francis Galton, hama yaCharles Darwin, mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi19. Galton akaburitsa mabhuku maviri, kusanganisira Nhoroondo yemapatya uye ndaifarira kusiyanisa "pakati pemhedzisiro yemabatiro akagamuchirwa pakuzvarwa neaya akaisirwa nemamiriro akasarudzika ehupenyu," kureva, pakati pezvakasikwa nekusimudzira. (sezvakataurwa muGedda, Mapatya munhoroondo uye sainzi , 1961, mapeji 24-25) Galton, zvisinei, haana kuenzanisa mapatya ehama uye akafanana saka "haakwanise kunzi ndiye akatanga nzira yemapatya." (Teo uye Bhora, Nhoroondo yeHuman Sciences , 2009)

Vamwe vatsvaguriri vakatevera asi kune rima divi kune mapatya ekutsvagisa pakutanga uye pakati pemakore ezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, sezvakaratidzwa mune basa raVon Verschuer, aive chipangamazano waJosef Mengele, ane mukurumbira pamapatya ake eAuschwitz munguva yeWorld Hondo II. Sezviri pachena von Verschuer, anga ari musayendisiti anoremekedzwa, aive muNazi uye ane hutsinye anopesana neSemite uyo akashandisa mapatya ake kufambisira mberi kusarura kwake zvematongerwo enyika. (Müller-Chikomo, Nhoroondo uye Philosophy yeiyo Hupenyu Sayenzi , 1999. Chete 10% yeavo mapatya vakapona kuedza kwevanhu kweMengele. (Müller-Hill, 1999) Kuti uwane hurukuro yekukanganiswa kwesainzi naVon Verschuer naMengele uye kukosha kwekuzvipira "kuisa zvakanakira murwere kupfuura izvo zvechiremba," ona Coller, Zvinyorwa zveKiriniki Kuferefeta , 2006, uyo anosimbisa kuti kune ina "yakakosha tsika yekurapa kwevanhu: kukosha kana hutsvene hwehupenyu hwega hwega hwevanhu; kuremekedza chiremerera chevanhu, kupemberera kusiyana kwevanhu, uye kuonga kunzwisisika kwekuoma kwehunhu hwemunhu." (Coller, 2006) Uye kuti uwane hurukuro yezvakasiiwa uye "nhoroondo yekudzokorora" yemapatya ekutsvagurudza akawanikwa mune mamwe mabhuku, ona Teo naBhora, 2009.

Pakutanga kwezana ramakore makumi maviri vaongorori, kusanganisira von Verschuer, zvakadaro, vakatanga kufunga nezve basa remageneti kunyanya mumunda wekufutisa. Dr. George A. Bray, mubhuku rake rehunyanzvi, Hondo yeBurge (2007), akaongorora nhoroondo yekufutisa nekutsikirisa mapepa ekutanga naDavenport (mapeji 474 ff) (1923), pamwe naVon Verschuer (pp. 492 ff) (1927.) Davenport, uyo akashandisa chiyero isu ziva se body mass index (BMI), ndiye akatanga kudzidza hukama hwemajini uye nharaunda mukufutisa uye akabvunza kuti, "Musiyano uyu pakuvaka pakati pevanhu vakaonda nevane nyama unosvika papi pazvinhu zviri mubumbiro remitemo?" (p. 474) Zvakabva kuna Dr. Bray (uyo akaikwereta kubva kuna chipangamazano Edwin B. Astwood) (peji 148) ndipo pandakatora zita rangu Iyo Nhoroondo yeKupindirana .

Mapatya makuru akatevera, kusanganisira muSweden muongorori Börjeson (1976), uyo akaongorora kukosha kwehunhu uye nharaunda nekuenzanisa misiyano yepakati-vaviri muMZ neDZ mapatya, uye vane mifananidzo yemapatya anoonekwa pano. Zvakare, muongorori weCanada Claude Bouchard nevamwe vake vakafunga yavo inonzi "yenguva refu" Quebec Kunyanya Kudzidza, "umo mavakadzidza gumi nemaviri ehuremu hwakaenzana akafanana mapatya echirume akasara pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu kwemazuva zana nemakumi maviri muchipatara chevarwere uye vakapihwa zvekudya. 1000 mamwe macalorie zuva rega rega kwemazuva matanhatu pavhiki kwemakumi masere nemana emazuva iwayo. (Bouchard et al, New England Chinyorwa cheMishonga , 1990; Redden naAllison, Kuwedzeredza Ongororo , 2004; Achira, American Journal yeKiriniki Kudya , 2009; Achira et al, International Zvinyorwa zveKufutisa , 2014; Iyo inorema kuwedzera uremu yaive 8.1 kg asi yakatangira kubva pa4.3 kusvika 13.3 kg. Zvinoshamisa, kuwedzererwa kwakatungamira kuhuremu hwakaenzana hwemuviri uye muzana yemafuta anowanikwa mukati mega MZ mapatya maviri, asi pakanga paine katatu zvakapatsanuka pakati peakasiyana mapara pane kubva mukati mevaviri. Mune mamwe mazwi, kudzora kwakasimba kweiyo yakaenzana chiyero chekudya zvakawandisa uye kuita kushoma kwekuita muviri kwakaburitsa mhinduro dzakasiyana maererano nehukuru hwemuviri, kuumbwa kwemuviri, uye kunyangwe kugoverwa kwemafuta mudunhu mumapatya akasiyana nemagene. Bouchard akasimbisa kuti sezvo mhedzisiro yekudyidzana kwemajini-nharaunda kazhinji iri diki, vaongorori vanofanirwa kuyedza kudzikisira kukanganisa uye imwe nzira yekudzivirira kukanganisa ndeyekuyera chaiko kwehuremu uye huremu pane kuvimba nezvako-zvirevo zvakajairika muzvidzidzo zvakawanda. . (Bouchard, Kufutisa, Supplement, 2008. Yekupedzisira kuzivikanwa kwemajini chaiwo. (Bouchard, 2008)

Mumakore ese, vazhinji vakagadzira zvinonzi mapatya akanyorwa ezviuru zveMZ neDZ mapatya, kusanganisira iwo ari kuNorway, Sweden, neFinland, uye muUS, (semuenzaniso National Academy yeSainzi-National Research Council (NAS-NRC) Twin Registry; Minnesota Registry, uye Vietnam-Era Twin Registry .) Mukurumbira wekufutisa muongorori Albert (Mickey) Stunkard, semuenzaniso, akashandisa maSweden neDanish mapatya ekunyoresa zvimwe zvezvidzidzo zvake. (Jou, NEJM , 2014) Stunkard et al ( JAMA , 1986) zvakare akashandisa iyo NAS-NRC Registry kuyera anopfuura 1900 MZ mapatya uye anopfuura 2000 maDZ mapatya kuongorora magene ekupa kukwirira, huremu, uye BMI mune yekureba-makore (makore makumi maviri nemashanu) yekuteedzera-kudzidza, nemhedzisiro, "Kukora kwevanhu kuri pasi pekutonga kwakasimba kwemajini." Vatsvaguri vakabvuma, zvakadaro, kuti fungidziro yehunhu inogona kuve pasi pekushoropodzwa, nezvose zviri pasi uye nekufungidzira zvingangodaro zvichikonzerwa, semuenzaniso, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu zvekusarura, kukanganisa mukumisikidza zygosity kana kunyangwe assortative mating (mune avo vakaroorana vanowanzo roora. shamwari yekuvaka kwakafanana.) Heymsfield uye vamwe (Allison et al, Maitiro Genetics , 1996) vakasimbisawo kuti "zvakajairika mapatya dhizaini" yekuneta hazvireve kusanganisira dhata senge zviyero zvevakaroora uye kuti assortative mating (kureva.

Mune yavo yechinyakare mapatya kudzidza, Stunkard et al ( NEJM, 1990) akaongorora makumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe emapatya akafanana akarerwa akaparadzaniswa (imwe yenzira dzinonyanya kushanda yekumisikidza kukosha kwemajini akagovaniswa kubva kune enzvimbo yakagovaniswa); 154 mapara emapatya akafanana akarerwa pamwechete; Makumi maviri nemakumi maviri nemasere emapatya ehama akarerwa zvakasiyana, uye mazana maviri nemakumi maviri nemaviri emapatya ehama vakarerwa pamwechete, vese vaibva kuSweden Registry iyo yaisanganisa mapatya kudzidza nezvidzidzo zvekurera. Mapatya akaongororwa mumakore avo makumi mashanu, nevakadzi makumi matanhatu muzana. Vatsvakurudzi vakacherekedza, zvakadaro, kuti kunyangwe mapatya akarerwa akapatsanurwa, vanogona kufanana kana nharaunda dzekurera dzakafanana (semuenzaniso kana mapatya akaiswa "akasarudzika" mudzimba dzaiita sedzedu dzevabereki vavo chaivo.) Pamapatya iwayo. avo vakaparadzaniswa nevabereki vavo chaivo, vangangoita hafu yemapatya akapatsanurwa mugore rekutanga rehupenyu, kazhinji nekuda kwekufa, chirwere, kana kunetseka kwemari mumhuri yekwakatangira. Stunkard et al vakawana humbowo hwakasimba hwehunhu hwenhaka paBMI, uye ivo vakaona kuti maitiro ezvechibereko anowedzera pamatanho ese ehuremu, kureva, kubva kune iwo matete kune avo vakafuta. Ivo zvakare vakaona kuti akafanana mapatya akarerwa akapatsanurwa aive epakati-maviri kuwirirana coefficients ye0.70 yevarume uye 0.66 yevakadzi yeBMI uye vakapedzisa muchidzidzo ichi kuti nharaunda dzehujaya dzaive shoma kana kunyangwe pasina pesvedzero. Ivo vanonyevera, hazvo, "kugarika hazvireve chinogara chichichinja, chisingachinjiki chibereko," asi zvinokanganisa maitiro emamiriro ezvinhu ezvakatipoteredza. (Stunkard et al, 1990) Pakati pemitsara, Allison, Heymsfield nevamwe vaaishanda navo (Faith et al, International Zvinyorwa zveKufutisa, 2012) vakasimbisa kukosha kwekufunga nezve mamiriro echiyero imomo mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza akagadzirwa mukugadzirwa kwechidzidzo (semuenzaniso kuverenga kumapatya panguva yekudya kwavo) kunogona kukanganisa mhedzisiro.

Kwemakore, Allison, Heymsfield nevamwe vavo vakashandisa iyo yakasarudzika mapatya dhizaini kuyera hukama hweanonzi anonzi genetic maumbirwo kune zvakatipoteredza, kusanganisira panguva ye intra-uterine nguva (Allison et al, International Zvinyorwa zveKufutisa uye Zvakabatana Metabolic Dambudziko Ivo vakashandisawo uyu modhi kudzidza muviri mashoma index uye BP (Allison et al, American Nhoroondo yeMedical Genetics, 1995); body mass index mune yevana mapatya sampuro (Kutenda et al, Pediatrics, 1999); caloric kudya (Kutenda et al, Maitiro Genetics, 1999); uye kuzvidzora pakudya (Kutenda et al, International Zvinyorwa zveKufutisa , London , 2012)

Pazasi mutsara : Twin zvidzidzo zvakashanduka kubva panguva yaSir Francis Galton, avo vakakurudzira kushandiswa kwemapatya kusiyanisa zvinokonzeresa zvakasikwa kubva pakurera, mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi19. Ivo vakashandiswa zvisirizvo nevanoongorora, senge nevaNazi panguva yeHondo Yenyika II. Nhoroondo, yakanyanya kukosha kutsvagisa kwekutanga kwemunda wekurema kunobva kunaDr. Claude Bouchard et al. kudaidzwa classic twin dhizaini.

Ndokumbira utarise: Ichi chikamu ini chechipiri-chikamu blog pamusoro pekushandiswa kwemapatya mukutsvaga nezve kufutisa. Chikamu chechipiri chichaongorora zvizere kushandiswa kweye-mapatya dhizaini mune rimwe rakafanana mapatya risingawirirane nehunhu hwakaenzaniswa neimwe. Nekuda kwekutenda kwakakosha kune avo vakabatsira mukugadzirira mablog. Ini na II, ona blog II.