Ichokwadi muMasquerade

"Uyo anonyengera anogara achiwana avo vanozvibvumira kuti vanyengedzwe," akanyora munyori wezvematongerwo enyika asingafungi Machiavelli ( Muchinda, Chitsauko XVIII, 1513). Machiavelli akamboratidza kuti akataura nhema dzakawanda kwazvo zvainge zvakaoma kuwana chokwadi pakati pavo (tsamba, 1521).

Unyengeri chinhu chakakosha pazvinhu zvese: Zvirimwa zvine makara ekudzivirira, uye mhuka dzinoshandisa kufukidza, kutevedzera, uye kunyengedza kukuvara uye kufa kuti vararame (Wile, Zvinyorwa zveNeurology uye Psychiatry, 1928; King naFord, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 1988).

Nepo kunyengedza kuchizivikanwa nehumambo hwemhuka, kunyengera kwevanhu kuita kwepfungwa (Abe, Iyo Neuroscientist , 2011) iyo yakave "yakakwidziridzwa kune hunyanzvi hwekunyepa" (Ford et al., American Nhoroondo yePsychiatry , 1988). Kunyepa kunowanzoitika zuva nezuva (Ditmarsch et al., Maitiro muCognitive Science , 2020) uye iri munzvimbo yekudyidzana (EB Ford, International Zvinyorwa zveMutemo uye Psychiatry , 2006). Hunhu hwedu hwevanhu hunotikwevera kuzvirongwa zvevanhu vasina mhaka isu tinogutsikana vanopomedzerwa zvisiri izvo zvekuuraya chete kuti vadzidze kuburikidza nekukanganisa kwakakomba ivo, zvechokwadi, vanonyengera vanhu vakapunyuka kutongwa. Enzaniso dzinosanganisira (muparidzi wekuzivisa) Agatha Christie wepakutanga 1925 inobata pfupi nyaya Pupurira Kutongwa uye mutambo wepamutemo we1985 Jagged Edge . Kaviri Njodzi (kureva kuti, kutadza kuyedzwa kaviri zvakapara mhosva imwechete) zvakatonyorwa muFifth Amendment yeU.S. Constitution.

"Kutaura chokwadi, kuvimbika, uye kuvimbika ndidzo nheyo" uye "chinosunga dhaka" chehunhu hwedu. Chokwadi, ipapo, chinova "chidziviriro munharaunda" umo kunyepa kunoitwa mukuzvidza uye kunogona kutyisidzira chinzvimbo (Wile, 1928). Nhema dzinogona kuregererwa neboka apo rinomiririra kuvimbika kuboka.

Kutendeseka nechokwadi ndechimwe cheshanu makadhinari hunhu hwaConfucius uye chikamu chehungwaru hwaBuddha zvakare (Wile, 1928). “Usapupura nhema” ndiwo mumwe weMirayiro Gumi mudzidziso yeJudhiya-yechiKristu. Mudzidzisi wezvebhaibheri St. Augustine (5th century AD) akanyora mabhuku maviri pamusoro pekureva nhema. "ucharangwa mudziva remoto rine sulfuri nezuva rekutongwa.

Chii chinonzi kunyepa? "'T ichokwadi mukunyepedzera," akanyora kudaro Lord Byron munhetembo yake yezana ramakore rechi19 "Don Juan" ( Inogona kuita yegumi neimwe ). Nhema ndi nemaune kuyedza kuvanza nekunyepera ruzivo rwechokwadi (Gombos, Genetic, Zvemagariro, uye General Psychology Monographs , 2006; Pennycook neRand, Zvinyorwa zveHunhu, 2020) yechinangwa chakatarwa kana chinangwa (Ford et al., 1988), senge kuwana imwe bhenefiti kana kudzivirira kurasikirwa (Abe, 2011). Iko kune, zvakadaro, chirwere chepfungwa chepfungwa isingazivikanwe etiology, pseudologia fantastica, umo munhu anorara achienderera, nekumanikidza, uye zvisingaenzaniswi kune chero mugumo unonzwisisika "uye pasina chikonzero chiri pachena (Dike et al, Zvinyorwa zveAmerican Academy yePsychiatry uye Mutemo, 2005; King naFord, 1988; Curtis naHart, Psychiatric Research uye Clinical Dzidzira , 2020).

Zvakakosha, kunyepa kunoda a kuziva chinangwa kune uyo anoreva nhema kuti atsause. Ichi chinangwa chekuziva chinosiyanisa vanoreva nhema kubva kune avo vasina kuziviswa kana kunyengedzwa. Mashoko asiri iwo, semuenzaniso, inhema nekuziva asi ichipararira pasina chinangwa chekukuvadza, nepo kusaziva inosanganisira ruzivo tichiziva kuti rwakasikwa kutsausa nekukuvadza (Wang et al., Zvemagariro Sayenzi & Mushonga, 2019).

Vamwe vaongorori vanopatsanura varevi venhema muzvikamu: kubva kuvanhu vazhinji vanotaura "manyepo machena" kuti varege kunzwa kwevamwe kune vamwe vanotaura nhema "diki" kuti vazviratidze zvirinani uye, pakupedzisira, kune avo vanoreva nhema kuti vabatsirwe (Ditmarsch et al , 2020); vamwe vanosiyanisa pakati pevanyepi vezvirwere, vanyepi vehunyanzvi (kureva, con varume), vasori, nevarwere vane psychosis kana organic brain syndrome (Renshaw, Clinical Therapeutics, 1993).

Vanhu vanoreva nhema nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana, zvinosanganisira kunzvenga zvinokonzeresa, mabasa, kuburitswa, kurasikirwa nechinzvimbo, kana kuwana kana kuchengeta mibairo. Vamwe vanotora njodzi vanoreva nhema nekuda kwekunakidzwa kwedambudziko (Renshaw, 1993). Avo vanonzwa vasina simba vanogona kuita zvekunyepa kuti vawane kudzora kwakakura nharaunda yavo (Ford et al., 1988)

Kuona hunyengeri nekusatendeseka kunonetsa zvinoshamisa (Gombos, 2006) uye kazhinji hazvisi nani pane mukana (Brashier naMarsh, Ongororo Yegore Negore yePsychology , 2020) kana "mutambo wekufungidzira wakanakisa" (EB Ford, 2006). Vanhu vanowanzo fungidzira kugona kwavo kuona hunyengeri, kunyanya kubva kune zvisiri zvemashoko zvakaita sekutarisa kutarisisa, asi zvirevo zvemazwi, zvinosanganisira shanduko muzwi, zvinogona kubatsira mukuona (Vrij et al., Ongororo Yegore Negore yePsychology , 2019; Onawo bhuku idzva rinonakidza raJohn Colapinto Iri iShoko, 2021, yehurukuro ye "mazwi masquerades"). Kunyangwe Freud akatenda isu vanhu venyama vasingakwanise kuchengeta zvakavanzika zvekuti kana "miromo yati zii," isu "tinotaurisa nezvigunwe zvedu," uye "kutengesa kunobuda kubva pori yega yega" ( Zvidzidzo muHysteria, Dora, Shanduro Yakajairwa, Vol. VII), iyo pfungwa ye "anodonha murevi wenhema" kazhinji ingano (Vrij et al., 2019). Munhu wega wega, semuenzaniso, anoratidza "ingangoita yakasarudzika yezvinyorwa zvekunyengera" izvo zvinotosiyana nemhando yenhema inotaurwa (Vrij et al., 2019).

Mumakore ese aya, kwave nekumwe kuyedza kusinga nzwisisike kwekuziva hunyengeri, kusanganisira kuisa mupunga wakaoma mumuromo wemumwe munhu, kukanda munhu mumvura, kumuisa kumazimbe anopisa kana moto (Vicianova, Chinyorwa cheEuropean Psychology, 2015), kana kushandisa phrenology, kumeso kumeso, kana graphology (EB Ford, 2006). Yekutanga nhema nhema detector (polygraph), yakagadzirwa muna 1917, yakashandisa zviyero zvemuviri zvekuchinja mukushambadzira uye kuwedzerwa kweropa kuyera kunyengedza (EB Ford, 2006), asi mhinduro dzezvimiririra hadzina kunangana nekureva nhema (EB Ford, 2006). Dzimwe nzira dzichangoburwa dzinosanganisira kushandiswa kwemaEEG mapatani ("hunyoro hwemunwe wehuropi") uye fMRI kuverenga kwenzvimbo dzehuropi, asi kusvika parizvino zvinoramba zviri "kazhinji zvishoma kupfuura pseudoscience" (Vrij et al., 2019).

Kunyepa kunonzwisisika kunonetsa kupfuura kutaura chokwadi (Ditmarsch et al., 2020). Isu vanhu tinoratidzika kunge takasarudzika mukugona kwedu kwepfungwa kuti tinzwisise kuti zvinotendwa nevamwe uye zvinangwa zvakasiyana nezvedu (Horo neBrosnan, Vacheche Maitiro & Kubudirira, 2017). Chete kana kunzwisisa uku, kureva, izvi zvinonzi "dzidziso yepfungwa," zvikaitika ndipo patinokwanisa kushandisa nekunyengera (Hall naBrosnan, 2017; Gombos, 2006).

Vana vadiki se3 vanogona kutaura zvisiri zvechokwadi asi vachinetseka kunzwisisa pfungwa yekunyengera (Abe, 2011; Ditmarsch et al., 2020). Kushanda kwehutungamiri hwevana, iyo inobatanidzwa mukudzivirira, kutarisa, kukanganisa kukanganisa, uye kugadzirisa mafungiro, hazvina kukwana zvakakwana (Abe, 2011). Iyo yekumberi cingate gyrus uye dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ndidzo nzvimbo dzehuropi dzakanyanya kushanda mukati mekunyengera (Gombos, 2006). Pakazosvika makore manomwe kana masere, vana vanogona kudzivirira "semantic leakage" yenhema uye vanogona "kuchengetedza" manyepo mune zvirevo zvinotevera (Ditmarsch et al, 2020). Mwana akazarurirwa zvakadii nenhema dzevamwe, pamwe nekuti vabereki vanopindura sei manyepo evana, zvinogona kuona kana maitiro ekureva nhema acharamba aripo muhupenyu hwese (Ford et al., 1988).

Pazasi mutsara: Kunyepa kunosanganisira a kuziva chinangwa kunyengedza uye kuyera kubva kudiki, "chena" manyepo ayo vanhu vazhinji vanotaura pano neapo kuti vadzivise kukuvadza manzwiro evamwe kunhema dzakakura dzinogona kukanganisa vanhu. Zvinoda imwe nhanho yekukwirisa kwekuziva, kusanganisira pfungwa yekuti zvitendero zvevamwe uye zvinangwa zvakasiyana nezvedu. Kunyangwe vana vadiki kwazvo vangataura zvisiri izvo, havanyatsonzwisisa pfungwa yekunyepa kusvika pazera remakore manomwe kana 8. Kuona kunyengedza, zvakadaro, kunonetsa zvinoshamisa, uye kunyangwe mazana emakore mushure menguva yaMachivavelli, isu kazhinji hatisi nani pazviri kupfuura mukana.