Simba reKutya: Pfungwa yeKushamisika Inosimudzira Mutsa -Rudo

Zvemukati

• Kutya Chiitiko chePasirese uye Chikamu cheBiology Yedu
• Ndezvipi Zviitiko Zvakajeka Kufunga Kwako Kwauri?
• Peak Zviitiko uye iyo Ecstatic Maitiro
• Zvisikwa uye Mhando dzakasiyana dzeZviitiko zvechitendero
• John Muir, iyo Sierra Club, uye Prosocial Maitiro Akabatana
• Mhedziso: Ko Ramangwana Cyber-Chaicho Chinotadzisa Maonero Ezvisikwa eShamhu?

Chidzidzo chitsva chakawana kuti kuona pfungwa yekutya kunokurudzira kuzvipira, mutsa worudo, uye hunhu hukuru. Chidzidzo chaMay 2015, "Awe, Kuzvitutumadza, uye Maitiro Evanhu," inotungamirwa naPaul Piff, PhD, kubva kuYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, Irvine yakaburitswa mu Zvinyorwa zveMunhu uye Zvemagariro Psychology .

Vatsvakurudzi vanotsanangura kushamiswa se "iyo pfungwa yekushamisika yatinonzwa pamberi pechimwe chinhu chikuru chinopfuura kunzwisisa kwedu kwenyika." Ivo vanonongedza kuti vanhu vanowanzo kuve nekutya mune zvakasikwa, asi zvakare vanonzwa kunzwa kwekutya mukupindura kwechitendero, hunyanzvi, mimhanzi, nezvimwe.

Pamusoro paPaul Piff, timu yevaongorori vakapinda muchidzidzo ichi yaisanganisira: Pia Dietze, anobva kuNew York University; Matthew Feinberg, PhD, Yunivhesiti yeToronto; naDaniel Stancato, BA, naDacher Keltner, University of California, Berkeley.

Pachidzidzo ichi, Piff nevamwe vake vakashandisa akateedzana ezvekuyedza zvakasiyana kuti vaongorore zvinhu zvakasiyana zvekutya. Kumwe kwekuyedza kwakayera mashandisiro anoita mumwe munhu kusangana nekushamisika ... Zvimwe zvakagadzirirwa kumutsa kushamisika, kusarerekera nyika, kana kumwe kuita, sekudada kana kunakidzwa. Mukuyedza kwekupedzisira, vaongorori vakaita kuti vatye nekuisa vatori vechikamu musango remiti mikuru yemeucalyptus.

Mushure mekuyedza kwekutanga, vatori vechikamu vakapinda muchiitiko chakagadzirirwa kuyera zvinodaidzwa neve "psychosocial" maitiro kana maitiro. Hutsika hunhu hunotsanangurwa se "hwakanaka, hunobatsira, uye hwakagadzirirwa kusimudzira kugamuchirwa kwevanhu uye hushamwari." Mukuyedza kwese, kutya kwakabatana zvakanyanya nehunhu hwehunhu. Mukuburitswa kwenhau, Paul Piff akarondedzera kutsvagurudza kwake nekutya achiti:

Kuferefeta kwedu kunoratidza kuti kutya, kunyangwe kuchiwanzo kupfuura uye kwakaoma kutsanangura, kunoshanda kwakakosha munharaunda. Nekudzikisira kusimbiswa pamunhu iyeye, kutya kunogona kukurudzira vanhu kurega kuzvifunga zvakanyanya kuvandudza magariro evamwe. Paunenge uchisangana nekutya, iwe haugone, egocentrically kutaura, kunzwa kunge iwe uripakati penyika zvekare. Nekuisa pfungwa kumatunhu akakura uye nekudzora kusimbisa kweiye wega, takafunga kuti kutya kunogona kukonzera maitiro ekuita zvehunhu hunogona kukudyira asi hunobatsira nekubatsira vamwe.

Pakati pevose vakasiyana-siyana vanokatyamadza, takawana mhando dzakafanana dzemhedzisiro-vanhu vainzwa kunge vadiki, vasingazvikoshe, uye vachizvibata nenzira yehunhu. Kutya kungakonzera here kuti vanhu vawedzere kudyara pane zvakanakira kunaka, vape zvakawanda kumabasa erudo, kuzvipira kubatsira vamwe, kana kuita zvimwe kudzikisira kukanganisa kwavo nharaunda? Tsvagurudzo yedu yaizopa mhinduro yekuti hongu.

Kutya Chiitiko chePasirese uye Chikamu cheBiology Yedu

Muma1960, Abraham Maslow naMarghanita Laski vakaita ongororo yakazvimirira yakafanana nebasa riri kuitwa naPiff nevamwe vake. Tsvagiridzo yakaitwa naMaslow naLaski zvakasiyana pa "zviitiko zvepamusoro" uye "ecstasy" zvakateerana, zvinotaurirana zvakakwana neazvino tsvagurudzo yesimba rekutya naPiff et al.

Iyi blog posvo ndeyekutevera kune yangu yazvino Psychology Nhasi blog post, Peak Zviitiko, Kuodzwa mwoyo, uye Simba reRinyore. Mune yangu yapfuura posvo, ini ndakanyora nezve ingangoita inopesana-nemhedzisiro yeinotarisirwa kwazvo yepamusoro chiitiko chiri kuteverwa ne blasé kunzwa kwe "ndizvo zvese zviripo?"

Iyi posvo inowedzera pane yangu yepakati-yehupenyu kuziva kuti kukwirira kwezviitiko uye kutya kunogona kuwanikwa mune zvezuva nezuva zvakajairika zvinhu. Kuti ndibatsirane nerunyoro, ini ndakasanganisira mamwe mapikicha andakatora nenharembozha yangu iyo inotora nguva dzandakarohwa nepfungwa yekushamisika uye kutya mumwedzi mishoma yapfuura.

Ndirini pawakapedzisira kuve nenguva inotyisa yakaita kuti uti "WOW!"? Kune here nzvimbo kubva kune yako yapfuura iyo inotangira mupfungwa kana iwe uchifunga nezvenguva kana yepamusoro zviitiko zvakasara zvakakusiya iwe uchishamisika?

Mushure memakore ekudzingirira nzvimbo Tsvene yezviitiko zvepamusoro izvo zvaitoda kuti zvimire zvakaenzana pamusoro peGomo reEverest kuti zviite sezvisinganzwisisike. Ndakaona kuti zvimwe zviitiko zvepamusoro zvinogona "kunge zvepasirese" nenzira imwechete-mu-yehupenyu. .. asi kune zvekare zvezuva nezuva zviitiko zvepamusoro izvo zvakaenzana zvinoshamisa uye zvinowanika kune mumwe nemumwe wedu kana isu tiine kanyanga kedu kepfungwa yekushamisika uye kutya kuri kwese kwese.

Semuenzaniso, mukutanga kwechirimo, apo ma daffodils anotumbuka, ini ndinoyeuchidzwa kuti zviitiko zvepamusoro uye pfungwa yekutya zvinogona kuwanikwa chaizvo kuseri kwemba yako.

Ndezvipi Zviitiko Zvakajeka Kufunga Kwako Kwauri?

Pandaive mudiki, ndakakatyamadzwa nehukuru hwedzimba dzakareba sezvandaifamba-famba mumigwagwa yeManhattan. Skyscrapers yakaita kuti ndinzwe ndiri mudiki asi gungwa revanhu mumigwagwa yeguta rakandiita kuti ndinzwe ndakabatana neboka raive rakakura kupfuura ini.

Imwe yezviitiko zvangu zvepamusoro uye nguva dzekushamisika yaive nguva yekutanga pandakashanyira Grand Canyon. Mifananidzo haina kumbobvira yatora kutyisa kweGrand Canyon.Paunozviona iwe pachako, unoona kuti nei Grand Canyon iri imwe yezvishamiso zvinomwe zvepanyika.

Nguva yekutanga yandakashanyira Grand Canyon yaive panguva yekuyambuka-nyika kutyaira kukoreji. Ndakasvika mukanyoni panenge pakati pehusiku murima dema ndikamisa mota yangu yakasakara yeVolvo chiteshi kumashure mudhara yekupaka ine chikwangwani chakayambira vashanyi kuti nzvimbo iyi yaive yekuona nzvimbo. Ndakarara pafuton kumashure kwemota. Pandakamuka pakubuda kwezuva, ndakafunga kuti ndakanga ndichiri kurota pandakaona panorama pfungwa dzeGrand Canyon nepamahwindo echiteshi chengoro yangu.

Kuona Grand Canyon kekutanga yaive imwe yenguva dzesurreal apo iwe paunotofanira kuzvinyudza wega kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti hausi kurota. Ndinoyeuka ndichivhura hatch yengoro uye ndakagara pabhodhi ndichiridza Sense of Wonder naVan Morrison paWalkman yangu kasingaperi ndichitarisa pamusoro penzvimbo yezuva sezvo zuva raibuda.

Sezvakanaka sezvazviri, dzimwe nguva ndinofarira kuwedzera rwiyo rwemimhanzi kune epamusoro-ruzivo nguva kuitira kuti ndikwanise kudzikisira kunzwa kwekutya mukati meiyo netiweki network yakabatana nenziyo chaiyo uye inokonzeresa kudzoka kune iyo nguva nenzvimbo chero nguva Ndinonzwa rwiyo zvakare. Iwe une nziyo dzinoyeuchidza iwe nezve kutya kana pfungwa yekushamisika?

Zviripachena, ini handisi ndega mukushamiswa nechisikirwo uye kuva nepfungwa yekushamisika kunoderedza pfungwa yangu yekuzvimirira nenzira inoshandura kutarisisa kure nezvangu zvoga zvinotyairwa neumwe munhu zvinodiwa uye kune chimwe chinhu chakakura kwazvo kupfuura ini.

Peak Zviitiko uye iyo Ecstatic Maitiro

Tsvagurudzo ichangobva kuitwa naPiff nevamwe vaanoshanda navo inozadzisa ongororo yakaitwa muma1960 pazviitiko zvepamusoro nekunakidzwa mune zvehukama nezvezvitendero.

Marghanita Laski aive mutori venhau uye muongorori aifadzwa nezvakaitika zvinofadza zvinorondedzerwa mumazera ese nevanyori vasinganzwisisike uye vechitendero. Laski akatsvaga zvakadzama kuti agadzirise ruzivo rwekufadzwa kana kutya kwakanzwa senge muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Marghanita Laski akaburitsa izvi zvakawanikwa mubhuku rake ra1961, Ecstasy: Mune Zvakavanzika uye Zvechitendero.

Paongororo yake, Laski akagadzira ongororo yakabvunza vanhu mibvunzo yakaita seiyi, “Unoziva here manzwiro emufaro usingapfuure? Ungazvitsanangura sei? ” Laski akaronga chiitiko se "mufaro" kana iine zviviri zvezvitatu zvinotevera tsananguro: kubatana, kusaguma, kudenga, hupenyu hutsva, kugutsikana, mufaro, ruponeso, kukwana, kubwinya; kuonana, ruzivo rutsva kana kusanzwisisika; uye imwe yemanzwiro anotevera: kurasikirwa nemusiyano, nguva, nzvimbo, yenyika ... kana kunzwa kwekudzikama, rugare.

Marghanita Laski akawana kuti izvo zvinowanzoitika zvinokonzera transcendental ecstasies zvinobva kune zvakasikwa. Kunyanya, ongororo yake yakaratidza kuti mvura, makomo, miti, uye maruva; madekwana, kubuda kwezuva, kupenya kwezuva; kunze kwakashata mamiriro ekunze uye chitubu zvaiwanzova chikonzero chekunzwa kufara. Laski akafungidzira kuti manzwiro ecstasy aive ekufunga kwepfungwa uye emanzwiro aive akasunganidzwa muhupenyu hwevanhu.

Mubasa rake ra1964, Zvitendero, Maitiro, uye Peak-Zvakaitika, Abraham Maslow akaratidzira izvo zvaifungidzirwa kunge zvemashiripiti, zvakavanzika kana zvechitendero zviitiko uye akazviita kuti vawedzere zvekunamata uye zvakanyanya.

Zviitiko zvepamusoro zvinotsanangurwa naMaslow se "anonyanya kufadza uye anonakidza nguva muhupenyu, anosanganisira kamwe kamwe kunzwa kwekufara kwakanyanya uye kugara zvakanaka, kushamisika nekutya, uye pamwe zvakare kunosanganisira kuziva kwekubatana kwakapfuura kana ruzivo rwechokwadi chepamusoro (sekunge sekuona nyika kubva pakuchinja, uye kazhinji kwakadzika uye kunotyisa maonero. "

Maslow akataura kuti "zviitiko zvepamusoro zvinofanirwa kuramba zvichidzidzwa nekurimwa, kuitira kuti vakwanise kuziviswa kune avo vasina kumbova nazvo kana vanozviramba, vachivapa nzira yekuwana kukura kwavo, kubatana, uye kuzadzikiswa." Mutauro waAbraham Maslow wemakumi emakore apfuura echos mazwi akashandiswa naPaul Piff mu2015 kutsanangura zvakanakira hupfumi hwekuona kutya.

Idzi tsananguro dzinoratidza kuti pfungwa yekushamisika uye kutya haina nguva uye yakaenzana. Mumwe nemumwe wedu anogona kupinda musimba rezvisikwa uye kushamisika kana akapiwa mukana. Zvakajairika chiitiko chepamusoro uye manzwiro ectstasy chikamu chehupenyu hwedu hunovaita vese, zvisinei nemagariro-hupfumi mamiriro kana mamiriro.

Zvisikwa uye Mhando dzakasiyana dzeZviitiko zvechitendero

Munhoroondo yese yeAmerica, iconoclasts dzakadai sa: John Muir, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, naWilliam James vese vakawana kurudziro musimba risingaperi rechisikigo.

Vanofunga nezve transcendentalist vaigara kuConord, Massachusetts pakati-1800 vakatsanangura hukama hwavo nekubatana neChisikigo. Mutsamba yake ye1836 Zvisikwa , iyo yakakonzera kufamba kweTranscendentalist, Ralph Waldo Emerson akanyora kuti:

Pamberi peChisikirwo kunakidzwa kwemusango kunomhanya kuburikidza nemurume kunyangwe aine kusuwa chaiko. Kwete zuva kana zhizha roga, asi nguva imwe neimwe nemwaka zvinounza mutero wazvo wemufaro; kweawa rega rega uye shanduko inoenderana uye inopa masimba akasiyana mamiriro epfungwa, kubva masikati asingafeme kusvika kune anotyisa pakati pehusiku. Kuyambuka zvisina kujairika, mumadonhwe echando, panguva yorubvunzavaeni, pasi pegore rakafukidzwa, ndisina kumbofunga mune chero rombo rakanaka, ndakafadzwa nemufaro wakanaka.

Mutsara yake, Kufamba , Henry David Thoreau (aive muvakidzani waEmerson) akati akapedza anopfuura maawa mana pazuva achibuda panze. Ralph Waldo Emerson akataura nezvaThoreau, "Kureba kwekufamba kwake zvakaenzana kwakaita kureba kwekunyora kwake. Kana akavharirwa mumba, aisanyora zvachose. ”

Muna 1898, William James akashandisa kufamba kuburikidza nemasikirwo kukurudzira kunyora kwake futi. James akafamba paedyssey inodakadza nemumakomo marefu eAdirondacks achitsvaga "kutya" Mhando dzeChiitiko Chechitendero papepa.

Pazera ramakumi mashanu namatanhatu, William James akabva apinda muAdirondacks akatakura mapfumbamwe-mapaundi pakurovera kwekupedzisira-kutsungirira iyo yaive mhando yeVisionquest. James akafuridzirwa kuita rwendo urwu mushure mekuverenga majenareta aGeorge Fox, muvambi wevaQuaker, uyo akanyora nezvekuve neakavhurika "kuvhurika," kana kuvhenekerwa pamweya mune zvakasikwa. James aitsvaga chiitiko chinoshandura kuti azivise zvemukati meakakosha ehurukuro akange akumbirwa kuendesa kuYunivhesiti yeElinburgh, iyo yava kunzi Gifford Lectures .​

William James akakweverwawo kuAdirondacks senzira yekutiza zvinodiwa naHarvard nemhuri yake. Aida kukwira murenje uye akarega iwo mazano ehurukuro dzake arambe achiwedzera. Akanga achitsvaga ruzivo rwekutanga rwekusimbisa kutenda kwake kuti kudzidza nezvepfungwa neuzivi hwechitendero kunofanira kutarisa pane chaicho chiitiko che "kupenya," kana kubatana nechimwe chinhu "chinopfuura," kwete pane dzidziso yemagwaro eBhaibheri uye kuiswa kwechitendero nemachechi.

William James aive neinongedzo yekuti kukwira maAdirondacks kwaizomutungamira kune epiphany uye mhando yekutendeuka chiitiko. Kusvika iye achienda kuAdirondacks, James akange anzwisisa zvemweya zvakanyanya seyedzidzo uye pfungwa yehungwaru. Mushure meepiphanies dzake munzira dzekufamba musango, akange ave nekutenda kutsva kwe "kuvhurika" kwemweya sekiyi kiyi-gomba kune kwakakwirira kuziva kunowanikwa kune chero munhu.

Sekutsanangura kunoita James, zaruriro yake munzira yeAdirondack yakamugonesa "kutakura hurukuro nezvakaitika zvekongiri zvekuzviona nekure kupfuura kwekuzvimirira, sekutaurwa kwakaitwa nevakafanotungamira vakaita saFox, muvambi weQuaker; Teresa, wechiSpanish anoshamisa; al-Ghazali, muzivi wechiIslam. ”

John Muir, iyo Sierra Club, uye Prosocial Maitiro Akabatana

John Muir, uyo akatanga iyo Sierra Club, ndemumwe munhu anofarira zvakasikwa uyo akazoenderera mberi nekuita mabasa ehunhu zvichienderana nekutya kwaakasangana nako musango. Muir aishushikana ne botany kukoreji uye akazadza imba yake yekurara nemabhushi bhushi, sango plamu, posies uye peppermint zvirimwa kuti anzwe padyo nemasikirwo emumba. Muir akati, "Meso angu haana kumbovhara kubwinya kwemuti kwandakaona." Mukati megazini rake rekushanya akanyora kero yake yekudzoka sa: "John Muir, Earth-Planet, Universe."

Muir akasiya Madison University asina degree uye akatsauka achienda mune yaakatsanangura se "Yunivhesiti yeRenje." Aifamba kwemazana ezviuru zvemamaira, uye akanyora zvine mutsindo nezvezvakaitika zvake. Kufamba-famba kwaMuir uye pfungwa yekushamisika yaainzwa mune zvakasikwa yaive chikamu cheDNA yake. Apo John Muir aive nemakore makumi matatu, akashanyira Yosemite kekutanga uye akashamisika. Akatsanangura kutya kwekuve muYosemite kekutanga kunyora,

Zvese zvaipenya nemweya wekudenga usingadzimike ... ndinodedera nekunakirwa mambakwedza eaya anokudzwa emakomo, asi ini ndinongotarisa uye nekushamisika. Musasa wedu musango unozadza uye unofadza nechiedza chine mbiri. Zvese zvinomuka zvakasvinura uye zvinofara. . . Kupomba kwese kunorova kwakakwirira, hupenyu hwese hwemaseru hunofara, iwo matombo chaiwo anoita kunge anofara nehupenyu. Iyo yese nzvimbo inopenya sechiso chemunhu mukubwinya kweshungu. Makomo, miti, nemhepo zvaive, zvakagadziriswa, zvinofara, zvinoshamisa, zvinonakidza, zvichidzora kuneta uye nekunzwa kwenguva.

Kukwanisa kwaMuir kuona kushamisika kwechisikwa uye pfungwa yehumwe nemakomo nemiti, zvakatungamira mukukoshesa kusanzwisisika, uye kuzvipira kusingaperi kuna "Amai Pasi" uye kuchengetedza. Emerson, uyo akashanyira Muir muYosemite, akati pfungwa dzaMuir uye chishuwo chake ndicho chakanyanya kukurudzira nekunyengetedza chero munhu muAmerica panguva iyoyo.

Mhedziso: Ko Ramangwana Cyber-Chaicho Chinotadzisa Maonero Ezvisikwa eShamhu?

Leonard Cohen akamboti, “Zvinomwe kusvika pagumi nerimwe iguru rehupenyu, rizere nekusuwa uye kukanganwa. Izvo zvinofungidzirwa kuti isu zvishoma nezvishoma tinorasikirwa nechipo chekutaura nemhuka, kuti shiri hadzichashanyire edu windowsills kuti vataure. Maziso edu zvaanojaira kuona vanozvidzivirira kuti vasashamisika. ”

Semunhu mukuru, nguva dzandinosangana nekutya dzinoitika zvakanyanya mune zvakasikwa. Kufanana nevanhu vazhinji muongororo yaLaski, ndinonzwa kufara zvakanyanya padyo nemvura, pakubuda kwezuva uye pakuvira kwezuva, uye panguva yemamiriro ekunze ane mbiri. Kunyangwe hazvo Manhattan yakakomberedzwa nemvura, mujaho wemakonzo wedhorobha riya unoita kuti zvindiomere kuti ndinzwe kunakidzwa kana ndiri munzira dzeNew York City mazuva ano - ndicho chikonzero chikuru chandaifanira kusiya.

Ini ndinogara muProvincetown, Massachusetts izvozvi. Hunhu hwechiedza uye rinogara richichinja gungwa nedenga rakatenderedza Provincetown zvinounza kugara uchishamisika. Kugara padyo neNational Seashore uye renje paCape Cod kunoita kuti ndinzwe ndakabatana nechimwe chinhu chakakura kupfuura ini chinoisa ruzivo rwevanhu nenzira nenzira inoita kuti ndinzwe ndakaninipiswa uye ndakakomborerwa.

Sababa vemwana wemakore manomwe, ndinonetsekana kuti kukura mudhijitari "zera reFacebook" kunogona kutungamira mukubviswa kubva pane zvakasikwa uye nepfungwa yekushamisika kuchizvarwa chemwanasikana wangu neavo vanotevera. Kushaikwa kwekutya kuchakonzera vana vedu kusava nehanya zvakanyanya, kusaremekedza, uye kuda? Kana ikasiiwa isingadziviswi, ko kushayikwa kwezviitiko zvinotyisa kungaguma nemutsa worudo mushoma muzvizvarwa zvinotevera here?

Ndinovimba, zvakawanikwa pakutsvagisa nezvekukosha kwekutya uye nekushamisika kuchatikurudzira tese kutsvaga kwekubatana nezvakasikwa uye kutya senzira yekusimudzira hunhu hwehunhu, mutsa une rudo, uye kuzvipira - pamwe nekuchengetedza nharaunda. Piff nevamwe vake vakapfupisa zvavakawana pamusoro pekukosha kwekutya mumushumo wavo vachiti:

Kutya kunomuka muzviitiko zvenguva pfupi. Tichitarisa kumusoro mudenga rine nyeredzi yedenga rehusiku. Kutarisa kunze kwehukuru hwebhuruu hwegungwa. Kunzwa kushamiswa nekuzvarwa uye kukura kwemwana. Kuratidzira pamusangano wezvematongerwo enyika kana kutarisa timu yemitambo yaunofarira. Zvakawanda zvezviitiko zvinokosheswa nevanhu zvinokonzeresa manzwiro atakatarisisa pano-kushamisika.

Kuferefeta kwedu kunoratidza kuti kutya, kunyangwe kuchiwanzo kupfuura uye kwakaoma kutsanangura, kunoshanda kwakakosha munharaunda. Nekudzikisira kusimbiswa kweiye munhu, kutya kunogona kukurudzira vanhu kuti varegedze kuzvifarira zvakanyanya kuvandudza magariro evamwe. Ongororo yeramangwana inofanirwa kuvakira pane izvi zvekutanga kuwana kuti uburitse pachena nzira idzo kutya kunotamisa vanhu kubva pakuva nzvimbo yepasirese yepasirese yavo, yakanangana nekutarisisa mamiriro ehukama nenzvimbo yavo mukati mayo.

Pazasi pane YouTube clip yenziyo yaVan Morrison Sense yeKushamisika, iyo inopfupisa kukosha kweichi blog positi. Iyi album ndeyezvino inongowanikwa pavinyl. Vhidhiyo iri pazasi inosanganisira mazwi uye montage yemifananidzo mumwe munhu akabatana nerwiyo.

Kana iwe uchida kuverenga zvakawanda pamusoro penyaya iyi, tarisa yangu Psychology Nhasi blog zvinyorwa:

• "Peak Zviitiko, Kuodzwa mwoyo, uye Simba reRinyore"
• "Iyo Neuroscience Yekufungidzira"
• "Kudzokera Kunzvimbo Isina Kuchinja Kunoratidzira Kuchinja Kwako"
• "Iyo Evolutionary Biology yeAltudism"
• "Majini ako Anofambisa Sei Matanho Ekushushikana Kwemanzwiro?"
• "Carpe Diem! 30 Zvikonzero Zvekubata Zuva uye Maitiro Ekuzviita"

© 2015 Christopher Bergland. Kodzero dzose dzakachengetedzwa.

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Nzira Yemutambi ® chiratidzo chakanyoreswa chaChristopher Bergland