Iwo 'maseru enzvimbo', Chinhu Chakaita Sedu Brain Gps

Zvemukati

• Ndeapi nzvimbo maseru uye ibasa ripi ravanoshanda muhurongwa hwedu hwemitsipa?
• Haisi mhosva yekuraira, imhosva yemvuu
• Iyo hippocampus seyakagadziriswa huropi
• Masero enzvimbo: ndeapi?
• Innate chirongwa vs ruzivo
• Mamepu enzvimbo akaumbwa sei
• Mapurasitiki anoita basa rakakosha mukuchengetedza mepu dzenzvimbo
• Net, kero uye maseru ekumucheto
• Navigation masisitimu haana kuvharirwa kune hippocampus
• Ngatipedze kuomesa zvese
• Mukupedzisa: yangu yega maonero

Ndeapi nzvimbo maseru uye ibasa ripi ravanoshanda muhurongwa hwedu hwemitsipa?

Kudzidziswa uye kuongorora munzvimbo nyowani kana kusazivikanwa ndeimwe yemafungiro ekushandisa atinoshandisa kazhinji. Isu tinoishandisa kuzvitenderedza isu mumba medu, munharaunda medu, kuenda kubasa.

Isuwo tinovimba nazvo patinofamba kuenda kuguta idzva uye risingazivikanwe. Isu tinoishandisa kunyangwe tichityaira uye, sezvingabvira, muverengi anenge ave akabatwa neanotarisa mune kwake maitiro kana iyeye waanoshanda naye, izvo zvinomupa mhosva kuti arasike, achimanikidzwa kudzora mota kusvika nenzira chaiyo.

Haisi mhosva yekuraira, imhosva yemvuu

Idzi dzese mamiriro ezvinhu anowanzo gumbura isu zvakanyanya uye anotitungamira kuti tituke maitiro edu kana evamwe nekutuka, kupopota uye maitiro akasiyana. Zvakanaka, nhasi ini ndichapa burrush pane iyo neurophysiological nzira dzekutungamira, pane yedu huropi GPS kutinzwisisa.

Tichatanga nekutaura chaiko: hatifanire kutuka maitiro nekuti ichi chingori chigadzirwa chedu neuronal chiitiko mune mamwe matunhu. Naizvozvo, isu tinotanga nekutuka hippocampus yedu.

Iyo hippocampus seyakagadziriswa huropi

Dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka, hippocampus chimiro chekare, chiri chikamu cheArchicortex, ndiko kuti, izvo zvivakwa zvine akura phylogenetically mune edu marudzi. Anatomically, icho chikamu cheiyo limbic system, mune zvimwe zvivakwa senge amygdala zvinowanikwawo. Iyo Limbic System inoonekwa seye morphological substrate yekurangarira, manzwiro, kudzidza uye kukurudzira.

Kana iwe wajaira psychology, muverengi anogona kuziva kuti hippocampus chimiro chakakosha chekubatanidzwa kwezviyeuchidzo zvekurangarira, ndiko kuti, nezviyeuchidzo izvi zvine episodic zvemukati nezvezviitiko zvedu kana, zvakanaka, semantic (Nadel na O'Keefe, 1972 ).

Uchapupu hweizvi ndihwo hwakawanda zvidzidzo zviripo pane yakakurumbira nyaya ye "HM murwere", murwere uyo akabviswa maviri epasi hemispheres, achigadzira inoparadza anterograde amnesia, ndiko kuti, aisakwanisa kubata nemusoro chokwadi nyowani kunyangwe aichengeta akawanda izvo zveyeuko dzako kubva pamberi pekuvhiya. Kune avo vanoda kuongorora nyaya iyi, ndinokurudzira zvidzidzo zvakaitwa naScoville naMillner (1957), avo vakanyatsodzidza murwere weHM.

Masero enzvimbo: ndeapi?

Parizvino hatitaure chero chinhu chitsva, kana chero chinoshamisa. Asi makanga muri muna1971 apo netsaona chokwadi chakawanikwa chakatungamira mukutanga kwekudzidza kwenzira dzekufamba muuropi. O'keefe naJohn Dostrovski, vachishandisa ma electrode asingabatsiri, vakakwanisa kurekodha zviitiko zveeuron chaiwo muhippocampus mumakonzo. Izvi zvakapa mukana wekuti painenge ichiita bvunzo dzakasiyana dzekuzvibata, mhuka yakanga yamuka, ichiziva uye ichifamba zvakasununguka.

Chavaisatarisira kuwana ndechekuti paive nemaeuron aipindura akasarudzika zvichienderana nenzvimbo yaive negonzo. Hazvirevi kuti paive nema neuron chaiwo pachinzvimbo chimwe nechimwe (hapana neuron yeimba yako yekugezera, semuenzaniso), asi kuti masero akaonekwa muCA1 (nharaunda yakati yehippocampus) yakamaka mapoinzi enongedzo aigona kuchinjika munzvimbo dzakasiyana .

Masero aya akadaidzwa isa masero . Naizvozvo, hazvisi zvekuti kune neuron yenzvimbo yega yega nzvimbo yaunogara uchienda, asi asi iwo mareferensi anonongedza iwe nharaunda yako; aya ndiwo marongero e egocentric navigation masystem. MaNeuron enzvimbo anozoitawo allocentric yekufamba masystem ayo anoenderana zvinhu zvemuchadenga kune mumwe nemumwe.

Innate chirongwa vs ruzivo

Izvi zvakavhiringidza masayendisiti mazhinji, avo vaiona hippocampus sechinhu chinodzidzisa kudzidza uye zvino vakaona kugona kwayo kukodha ruzivo rwepakati. Izvi zvakapa fungidziro ye "mepu yekuziva" iyo yaizoratidza kuti mumiriri wenzvimbo yedu waizogadzirwa muhippocampus.

Kufanana nehuropi, iri rakanakisa jenareta yemamepu emamwe manzwiro enzira dzakadai sekukodha kwemaziso anoonekwa, ekuongorora uye ezvimwewo zviratidzo. Hazvina musoro kufunga nezve hippocampus sechinhu chinogadzira mamepu enharaunda yedu uye inovimbisa maitiro edu mazviri..

Tsvagiridzo yakaenda kumberi uye kuyedza iyi paradigm mune akasiyana mamiriro. Isa masero mumabasa emazeya, semuenzaniso, akaonekwa achipisa kana mhuka ikakanganisa kana iri pachinzvimbo icho neuron yaiwanzo pisa (O'keefe na Speakman, 1987). Mumabasa umo mhuka inofanirwa kufamba ichipfuura nepakati penzvimbo dzakasiyana, zvakaonekwa kuti mauroni enzvimbo moto zvichibva nekuti mhuka inobva kupi uye nekwairi kuenda (Frank et al., 2000).

Mamepu enzvimbo akaumbwa sei

Chimwe chezvakakosha zvinotarisisa zvekuferefeta mundima iyi ndezvekuti mamepu enzvimbo akaumbwa sei. Kune rimwe divi, isu tinogona kufunga kuti nzvimbo maseru anomisikidza basa rawo zvichienderana neruzivo rwatino gamuchira kana tichiongorora nharaunda, kana isu tinogona kufunga kuti ndicho chikamu chepasi pemasekete ehuropi hwedu, kureva kuti. Mubvunzo hausati wajeka uye tinogona kuwana humbowo hwezvekuita hunotsigira zvese fungidziro.

Kune rimwe divi, kuyedza kweMonaco naAbbott (2014), iyo yakanyora zviitiko zvehuwandu hwakawanda hwemaseru enzvimbo, dzakaona kuti kana mhuka ikaiswa munzvimbo nyowani, maminetsi akati wandei kusvikira maseru aya atanga kupisa zvakajairika. Saka, mepu yenzvimbo dzaizoratidzwa, neimwe nzira, kubva panguva iyo mhuka inopinda nharaunda nyowani, asi ruzivo rwunoita kuti aya mepu agadzirise mune ramangwana.

Naizvozvo, isu tinogona kufunga kuti huropi plastiki iri kutamba chinzvimbo mukuumbwa kwenzvimbo mepu. Naizvozvo, kana mapurasitiki akanyatsoita basa, isu taizotarisira kuti mbeva dzekugogodza kumubati weNMDA kune iyo neurotransmitter glutamate - kureva kuti, mbeva dzisingataure iyi receptor - yaisazogadzira mepu dzenzvimbo nekuti uyu anogamuchira anoita basa rakakosha muuropi plastiki uye kudzidza.

Mapurasitiki anoita basa rakakosha mukuchengetedza mepu dzenzvimbo

Nekudaro, izvi hazvisizvo, uye mbeva dzeNMDA dzekugogodza mbeva kana mbeva dzave kurapwa kuchipatara kuvharira iyi receptor yakaratidzirwa kuratidza maitiro akafanana ekupindura kubva munzvimbo dzemaseru munzvimbo nyowani kana dzinozivikanwa nharaunda. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kutaura kwemamepu enzvimbo kwakazvimiririra kwepurasitiki mapurasitiki (Kentrol et al., 1998). Mhedzisiro iyi yaitsigira fungidziro yekuti masystem ekufamba akasununguka pakudzidza.

Zvisinei nezvose, uchishandisa pfungwa, mashandiro epurasitiki epurasitiki anofanirwa kuve anodikanwa kuti kugadzikana kwekurangarira mamepu achangobva kuumbwa. Uye, dai izvo zvainge zvisina kudaro, chiitiko chei icho icho chinogadzirwa nekufamba mumigwagwa yeguta ravo chinoshandira? Hatingave takagara tichifunga kuti inguva yekutanga kupinda kwedu mumba? Ini ndinotenda kuti, sekune dzimwe nguva zhinji, fungidziro dzinowirirana kupfuura zvadzinoita uye, neimwe nzira, zvisinei nekuita kwehusiku kwemabasa aya, plasticity inofanirwa kutora chinzvimbo mukuchengetedza aya mepu mepu mundangariro.

Net, kero uye maseru ekumucheto

Zviri zvachose kutaura nezve maseru enzvimbo uye pamwe anopfuura mumwe muverengi akashamisika kuti nzvimbo imwechete yeuropi inogadzira ndangariro inoshanda, sekutaura, seGPS. Asi isu hatisati tapedza uye zvakanakisa zvichiri kuuya. Iye zvino ngatitenderedza curl chaiyo. Pakutanga, zvaifungidzirwa kuti kufamba kwenzvimbo kwaizotenderera pane hippocampus chete kana zvivakwa zvepedyo senge entorhinal cortex zvakawanikwa zvichiratidza kushomeka kushoma sekushanda kwenzvimbo (Frank et al., 2000).

Nekudaro, mune izvi zvidzidzo chiitiko ichi chakanyorwa munzvimbo dzepakati peiyo entorhinal cortex uye mune dzakazotevera zvidzidzo nzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzakanyorwa idzo dzine huwandu hukuru hwekubatana kune hippocampus (Fyhn et al., 2004). Ndizvo zvazviri yakaonekwa kuti masero mazhinji mudunhu rino akapfura sechiitiko chechinzvimbo, chakafanana nemvuu. Parizvino iyi mhedzisiro yaitarisirwa kuwanikwa, asi pavakafunga kuwedzera nzvimbo yavaizorekodha mu entorhinal cortex vakave nekushamisika: pakati pemapoka emauroni akagadziriswa zvichienderana nenzvimbo yaigara mhuka, pakanga paine nzvimbo dzakanyarara - ndiko kuti, dzakagadziriswa. Kana matunhu aitaridza kumisikidzwa anga akabatanidzwa, mapatani ari muchimiro chehekoni kana matatatu akaonekwa. Vakadaidza maNeuron aya mukomboni yekotoni "maseru enetiweki."

Pakutsvaga network maseru, mukana wakaonekwa kugadzirisa mubvunzo wekuti maseru enzvimbo akaumbwa sei. Sezvo maseru aine hukama hwakawanda hwemaseru enetiweki, hazvina musoro kufunga kuti akaumbwa kubva pane aya. Nekudaro, zvakare, zvinhu hazvina kunyatsojeka, uye humbowo hwekuyedza hauna kusimbisa iyi fungidziro. Maitiro ejometri anoumba maseru enetiweki haasati adudzirwa.

Navigation masisitimu haana kuvharirwa kune hippocampus

Kuoma hakugumi pano. Kunyangwe zvishoma kana zvaonekwa kuti masystem ekufamba haagumiri kune hippocampus. Izvi zvakawedzera miganho yekutsvaga kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzehuropi, nekudaro kutsvaga mamwe marudzi emaseru ane hukama nenzvimbo masero : masero anotungamira uye maseru emuganho.

Maseringi anotungamira aigona kukomberedza kwairova musoro wenyaya uye yaizowanikwa mune yekumisikidza tegmental nucleus yeiyo brainstem. Kune rimwe divi, maseru emuganho maseru anowedzera kuwanda kwepfuti sezvo chidzidzo ichi chinosvika pamiganhu yenzvimbo yakapihwa uye inogona kuwanikwa mu subiculum - nharaunda yakati yehippocampus. Tichapa muenzaniso wakareruka umo isu tichaedza kupfupisa mashandiro erudzi rumwe nerumwe rwesero:

Fungidzira kuti uri muimba yekudyira yeimba yako uye unoda kuenda kukicheni. Sezvo iwe uri muimba yekudyira yeimba yako, iwe unenge uine nzvimbo sero iyo inozopisa iwe uri muimba yekudyira, asi sezvo iwe uchida kuenda kukicheni iwe unenge uinewo imwe yakavhurwa nzvimbo sero inomiririra kicheni. Iyo yekumisikidza ichave yakajeka nekuti yako imba inzvimbo iyo iwe yaunonyatsoziva mushe uye iyo activation inogona kuonekwa zvese ari munzvimbo nzvimbo maseru uye mune network maseru.

Zvino, tanga kufamba uchienda kukicheni. Pachave neboka remasero ekero anozove ari kupfura uye asingazoshanduke chero iwe uchichengeta chaiyo kero. Zvino, fungidzira kuti kuenda kukicheni iwe unofanirwa kutendeuka kurudyi uye kuyambuka pakamanikana nzira. Panguva yaunotendeuka, maseringi ako ekuzviziva anozozviziva uye imwe seti yemaseru ekutyaira anonyora mafambiro awatora iko zvino kutendeuka, uye iwo apfuura achadzima.

Zvakare fungidzira kuti mukoridho wakamanikana uye chero kufamba kusiri iko kunogona kukonzeresa kuti urove kumadziro, saka ako maseru maseru anowedzera iwo mwero wemoto. Kana iwe uchiswedera padyo nekoridho rusvingo, iyo yakakwira iyo yekupfura mwero ayo maseru ekumusoro airatidzira. Funga nezve maseru ekumucheto senge ma sensors mamwe matsva mota ane ayo anopa anonzwika chiratidzo kana iwe uri kufambisa kupaka. Edge masero shanda nenzira yakafanana kuma sensors aya, padyo nepadyo paunenge uchirovera ruzha rwavanoita. Paunosvika kukicheni, maseru ako enzvimbo anenge akuratidza kuti yasvika zvinogutsa uye iri nharaunda yakakura, maseru ako ekumucheto achazorora.

Ngatipedze kuomesa zvese

Zvinoshuvira kufunga kuti huropi hwedu hune nzira dzekuziva nzvimbo yedu. Asi mubvunzo unosara: Tinowiriranisa sei chirevo chekuzivisa pamwe nenzvimbo yekufamba muhippocampus? Ndokunge, ndangariro dzedu dzinokanganisa sei mepu idzi? Kana kuti zvingadaro kuti ndangariro dzedu dzakaumbwa kubva pamamepu aya? Kuedza kupindura uyu mubvunzo tinofanirwa kufunga kumberi. Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti iwo mamwe maseru ayo kodhi yenzvimbo, yatakatotaura kare, zvakare kodhi yenguva. Saka, masero enguva zvakurukurwa (Eichenbaum, 2014) iyo yaigona kukomberedza kuona kwenguva.

Chinoshamisa ndechekuti kune humwe uye hwakawanda humbowo hunotsigira pfungwa yekuti masero enzvimbo akafanana nemaseru enguva. Ipapo, iyo neuron imwechete kuburikidza nemagetsi mamwechete emagetsi anokwanisa kukomberedza nzvimbo nenguva. Hukama hwekodhi yenguva nenzvimbo muchiitiko chimwe chete chinogona uye kukosha kwavo mundangariro zvinoramba zvakavanzika.

Mukupedzisa: yangu yega maonero

Maonero angu nezvazvo? Ndichibvisa bhachi resainzi yangu, ndinogona kutaura izvozvo vanhu vanowanzo funga nezvesarudzo iri nyore uye tinoda kufunga kuti uropi hunotaura mutauro mumwe chete sezvatinoita. Dambudziko nderekuti uropi hunotipa iyo yakareruka vhezheni yechokwadi iyo inozvibata pachayo. Nenzira yakafanana nemimvuri mubako raPlato. Nekudaro, sezvakangoita muhuwandu hwefizikiki zvipingamupinyi kune izvo zvatino nzwisisa seicho chaicho chakaputsika, muurouroscience tinoona kuti muhuropi zvinhu zvakasiyana nenyika zvatinoona nekuziva uye tinofanirwa kuve nepfungwa dzakavhurika kwazvo kuti zvinhu hazvina nei sezvatinovaziva chaizvo.

Chinhu chega chiri pachena kwandiri chimwe chinhu icho Antonio Damasio anoshandisa kudzokorora zvakawanda mumabhuku ake: uropi jenareta yakakura yemamepu. Pamwe uropi hunodudzira nguva nenzvimbo nenzira imwecheteyo kugadzira mepu dzezviyeuchidzo zvedu. Uye kana zvikaita sechinhu chistical kwauri, funga kuti Einsten mune yake dzidziso yehukama imwe yedzidziso dzaakatumira yaive iyo nguva yaisanzwisisika pasina nzvimbo, uye zvinopesana. Pasina mubvunzo kuburitsa zvakavanzika izvi idambudziko, zvakatonyanya kana iwo akaoma maficha ekudzidza mumhuka.

Nekudaro, hapana kuyedza kunofanirwa kusiyiwa panhau idzi. Kutanga kunze kwekuda kuziva. Kana isu tikadzidza kuwedzerwa kwechisiko kana iwo achangobva kunyorwa mafungu egiravhiti, nei tisingafanirwe kudzidza kuti uropi hwedu hunodudzira sei nguva nenzvimbo? Uye, chechipiri, mazhinji eurourogenarative pathologies senge chirwere cheAlzheimer ane spatio-temporal kusagadzikana sezviratidzo zvavo zvekutanga. Kuziva maitiro eiyo neurophysiological yeiyi coding isu tinogona kuwana zvitsva zvinobatsira kuti unzwisise zvirinani nzira yezvirwere zvezvirwere izvi uye, ndiani anoziva, kana kutsvaga matsva emishonga ekurapa kana asiri emishonga.