Rwendo Rusingafadzi: Dzimba dzeVana neDzimba

Zvemukati

• Nyaya yakajairwa yekuti takasangana sei. . .
• Nyaya iri nani?
• Asi mira! Chii chaizvo chinonzi kudzimba?
• Asi chii chinonzi kudzimba?

Hazvina kunyeperwa kutaura kuti imbwa nevanhu vakaitirwa mumwe neumwe, kunyange hazvo kubatana pakati pezviviri zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana kwakauya zvichingori zvakavanzika zvechigarire. Izvo zvinozivikanwa, kunyangwe zvakadaro, kuti zvipenyu kutaura, imbwa ( Canis lupus mhuri nemapere ( Canis lupus ) vane hukama hwepedyo - zvakanyanya, zvekuti vemaoologist vanobvumirana kuti imbwa dzemazuva ano imbwa dzinopfuyiwa - kana kutaura izvi rurimi padama, imbwa mapere akapfeka hanzu dzemakwai. Kana ichi chiri chokwadi, saka mubvunzo wakajeka wenhoroondo ndewe chii chakaitika pasi pano pane imwe nguva yapfuura iyo yakashandura mamwe mapere kuita imbwa dzemazuva ano?

Nyaya yakajairwa yekuti takasangana sei. . .

Mapere uye vanhu vakatanga kubatana sei inyaya iyo sezviri pachena inotanga zviuru zvemakore apfuura kumashure panguva yePasi yekupedzisira Ice Age. Sayenzi iri sainzi, pane kusava nechokwadi kwakawanda uye nharo huru pamusoro penzvimbo yekumashure panguva iyi pairing yemarudzi yakatanga kuitika. Izvo zvakare hazvizivikanwe chaizvo kuti kudyidzana uku kwakatanga kupi. Saizvozvo pane kusava nechokwadi nezvekuti nei.

Iyo yakajairika nyaya yeimbwa yekuchengetwa yakataurwa inonakidza kare kare neanozivikanwa zoologist, ethologist, uye Nobel Laureate Konrad Lorenz - asi zvakare nevamwe vazhinji munzira dzakasiyana - ane iyo kuti kamwechete pane imwe nguva, mapere (kana mushanduro yaLorenz, makava) akatanga kutenderera pamisasa yevavhimi vePleistocene nehama dzavo kuti vatore zvimedu zvezvikafu nemaune vakasiyirwa ivo, kana kuti vangangoraswa semarara.

Chero zvazvingaitika, saka nyaya yacho inoenda, munguva pfupi inotevera avo vari kudivi remunhu equation vakaziva kuti idzi canidy canids, zvirinani idzo dzine hushamwari, dzinogona kunge dzichingopfuura dzinonetsa chete. Ivo vanogona kuzviita vanobatsira sevatariri, shamwari dzekuvhima, zvichingodaro. Pamwe kunyangwe chimwe chinhu chinodziya kukumbundira nehusiku hwechando hwehusiku.

Nyaya iri nani?

Muchokwadi tinogona kusamboziva kuti sei, kana nei, mapere nevanhu vakabatana zviuru zvemakore apfuura. Zvakare, pane izvozvi zvikonzero zvakanaka zvekufunga kudzokororwa kweyakajairika nyaya yekushandurwa kwemhumhi kuita imbwa inodiwa. Zvinogona kunge zvichinzi huchenjeri hwakajairika hwave kuri kuwedzeredza mashandisiro atakaita pakuumba kwete kungoita hunhu hwembwa, asiwo maitiro avo. Sokunyora kwakaita Martina Lazzaroni kuDomestication Lab muKonrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology muVienna, Austria, nevamwe vake vakanyora munguva pfupi yadarika kuti: "Zvatinowana zvinotsigira pfungwa yekuti kudzidziswa kwemusha kwakanganisa hunhu hwembwa maererano nehanya kwavo kwekuva pedyo "Mumwe munhu ... Zvisinei, zvinoramba zvisina kujeka kuti chii chinotyaira kushamwaridzana nemunhu."

Asi mira! Chii chaizvo chinonzi kudzimba?

Nekudzidziswa uye basa, ini ndiri anthropologist, kwete nyanzvi yezvemhuka kana ethologist. Ndinogona kunge ndakanganisa, asi handifunge kuti tinonyatso kuziva kuti chii chakaunza mhumhi nevanhu mukudyidzana kupfuura chokwadi chiri pachena chekuti zvese zvipfuyo zvine hukama. Paunongowirirana nekushanda pamwe nevamwe vezvako zvemhando yako, ndizvo here zvese zvakaoma kutenda kuti ungakwanise kurondedzera, zvakare, kuyambuka kupatsanura rumwe rudzi kubva kune rumwe?

Chandinogona kutaura, zvakadaro, ndechekuti senge anthropologist ini ndafunga uye ndanyora - Ndinovimba neimwe nzwisiso - nezve izvo zvinonzi "kudzidziswa." ¹

Sezvo nyanzvi yezvinocherwa mumatongo John Hart neni pamwe nevamwe vedu vatinoshanda navo tanga tichipopotedzana kwemakore, zviri kutsausa, kunyangwe zvisiri izvo, kutsanangura kudzidziswa kwemusha senge iri nyaya yekuchinja kwemajini kunounzwa nenzira dzevanhu. ² Seizvo ini naJohn takanyora muna 2008:

. . . kutsvaga kutanga kwekushomeka (uye isu tinowedzera, kurima) ndiko kutsvagisa kwekutsvaga kwakaparadzwa kubva pakutanga. Sei? Nekuti (a) zvipenyu hazvifanirwe kunge zvichishandurwa zvinonzwisisika, morphologically kana genetiki, zvisati zvagadziriswa. . uye (c) kupedzisa kuti zvirimwa nemhuka chete zvinoratidza zviratidzo zvinoonekwa zvekushandiswa nekurimwa kwevanhu zvinogona kunzi njodzi "dzinocherechedzwa" kusazvidza huwandu uye simba rekupfuudzwa kwevanhu munyika yatiri kugara.³

Asi chii chinonzi kudzimba?

Kubva pamaonero aya, sezvo isu vanhu tichigara tichishandisa akawanda, kwete mashoma, marudzi emiti nemhuka, kudzidziswa hazvireve chete taming mhuka kana kurima chirimwa:

1. Mashandisiro atakaita dzimwe mhando dzakasiyana, uye agara achisiyana, zvichienderana nerudzi ruri mubvunzo uye nekuwanda kwatinoda kushandisa.
2. Naizvozvo, kudzimba kunogona kuyerwa zvakaringana neayo kuita - nehunyanzvi hwekunyengedza hunoratidza maitirwo azvo - pane nezvazvinoita (chete dzimwe nguva zvinonzwisisika) mhedzisiro.
3. Saka chero mhando inogona kudaidzwa kuti "inochengetwa" kana imwe mhando anoziva kuishandisa, uyezve, kudzimba dzimba i generic chokwadi chehupenyu uye kwete hunyanzvi hwevanhu kugona kana tarenda.

Ndeupi meseji yekutora pano? Kana imbwa kana vanhu vanozvarwa munyika ino vachiziva kushandisa imwe. Kana iwe uchibvumirana neni kuti kudzidziswa iri izwi rekuti "kuziva kuzviita," saka pasina kuwedzeredza, zvisinei sei Canis lupus uye Homo sapiens shanduka kusvika padanho ravanogona kudaro, vese vana nembwa vanofanirwa kudzidza neruzivo maitiro ekuzviita - maitiro ekudzidzira kubata kwavo nepasirese uye nemarudzi asingaverengeke anogara vakavakomberedza.