Archimedes: Biography Uye Mipiro kuSainzi Yeuyu wechiGreek Researcher

Zvemukati

• Ndihwo hwaive hupenyu uye nhaka yesainzi yechiGiriki nyanzvi yemasvomhu Archimedes weSirakuse.
• Archimedes weSirakuse: biography uye mipiro kune sainzi
• Makore ekutanga
• Basa renyika
• Kurwisana muSirakuse
• Iwo mana kufa kweArchimedes
• Mushure mekufa kwake
• Mipiro kune sainzi
• 1. Archimedes ’musimboti
• 2. Lever musimboti
• 3. Kufambira mberi musvomhu
• 4. Mechanical nzira
• 5. Odometer
• 6. Iyo yekutanga planetarium
• 7. Chipenga cheArchimedean
• 8. Claw yaArchimedes

Ndihwo hwaive hupenyu uye nhaka yesainzi yechiGiriki nyanzvi yemasvomhu Archimedes weSirakuse.

Classical Antiquity yaive nguva inonetsa asi, panguva imwechete, izere nekufambira mberi kutsva uye kusimudzira kwesainzi kwakakosha zvekuti, dai zvisiri zveMiddle Ages, zvirokwazvo tingadai takaenda kure zvakanyanya kubva patiri izvozvi.

Kunyangwe hazvo chokwadi chekuti ruzhinji rwevanhu rwakanga rusina kuverenga uye vasina kudzidza, pakanga pasina vashoma varume vakuru vaigara panguva iyoyo, pakati pavo Archimedes, nyanzvi yemasvomhu, fizikisi uye muvambi wemagadget ehurumende uye, pamusoro pezvose, zvinangwa zvemauto.

Tevere, isu tichaona hupenyu nemipiro mikuru kune sainzi yemuongorori uyu kuburikidza neiyi biography yeArchimedes, uye isu tinonzwisisa zvirinani kuti nheyo, kunyangwe ndedzechinyakare, dzingave nzira yedu yemazuva ano yesainzi nekufamba kweanenge makore 2000.

Archimedes weSirakuse: biography uye mipiro kune sainzi

Archimedes aive nyanzvi yemasvomhu, yefizikisi, muvambi, injinjini, uye nyanzvi yezvemuchadenga uyo aigara munguva dzekare dzechiGiriki makore anenge zviuru zviviri apfuura. Panguva iyoyo, vashoma vanhu vaive avo vaive nerombo rakanaka rekuziva kuverenga nekunyora, saka hapana zvakawanda zvinyorwa pamusoro pake uye zvese zvatinoziva nezvemugadziri uyu zvinobva mutsika nemuromo uye zvipupuriro zvevanyori vanoverengeka vevanyori, vazhinji vacho gare gare . Archimedes.

Nyika yokumusha kwake yaive Syracuse, guta raive muMagna Grecia, dunhu rakagara pachitsuwa cheSicily nekumaodzanyemba kwepeninsula yeItaly.. Mutongi weguta iro, uyo akaritonga semudzvanyiriri, aive Hieron II, uyo anofungidzirwa kuve nehukama munzira imwe neimwe naArchimedes. Chero zvavo hukama, vaviri ava vaive nehukama hunonakidza, nekuti Herion II aivimba nyanzvi yemasvomhu kuve mupi wezano uye muvambi wekudzivirira kweguta.

Isu tinoziva zvishoma nezve mhuri yeArchimedes. Hazvisi zvakawanda zvinozivikanwa nezvaamai vake, asi nezve baba vake Phidias, nyanzvi yemuchadenga uyo akaendesa kufarira kwake sainzi yedenga. Izvo hazviratidzike sekuti akaroora kana kuve nevana, uye kana akadaro, izvo zvakabviswa kubva munhoroondo yenhoroondo. Kana isu hatigone kusimbisa kana akataura iye ane mukurumbira "eureka" achifamba asina kupfeka mumigwagwa yeguta rekumusha kwake, kana kana akataura chaizvo chirevo "ndipeiwo tsoka ndigofambisa nyika."

Makore ekutanga

Archimedes akaberekwa muna 287 BC muSirakuse, Sicily. Nekuda kwechimedu chebhuku rake "Iyo Sand Counter" isu tinoziva kuti baba vake vainzi Phidias uye kuti vaive vanozivikanwa nyeredzi panguva iyoyo. Achiona Phidias kuti mwanakomana wake aratidze kugona kukuru kubva pazera diki kwazvo, akafunga kumuzivisa nyika yemasvomhu uye nyeredzi.

Kutenda kugona kwake kukuru uye hukama hwake hwakanaka namambo weSirakuse, Hieron II Archimedes akatumirwa kuAlexandria muna 243 BC, muzinda wesainzi wenguva iyoyo, kuti akwanise kuwedzera ruzivo rwake musvomhu pasi pekudzidzisa kweanokudzwa e nguva. Pakati pevadzidzisi vake paive naCanon de Samos, nyanzvi yemasvomhu kubva kuna iye Archimedes wechidiki akadzidza zvakawanda. Mushure mekugara kwake muguta reEjipitori, Archimedes akadzokera kumusha kwake kunotanga ongororo yake.

Basa renyika

Paakadzoka kubva kuAlexandria, Archimedes akagamuchirwa semupi wezano kuna Hiero II, anoona nezvekugadzira masisitimu uye zvigadzirwa izvo zvaizobatsira kudzivirira guta. Pasi pekudzivirirwa uye kuchengetedzwa kwamambo, wechidiki wemasvomhu aive nerusununguko rwakakwana rwekuita ese marudzi emiedzo, chero bedzi vakabatsira mambo neSirakuse. NaHieron II semubatsiri, Archimedes aigona kutanga nguva yekutsvagisa kwakanyanya uye kufambira mberi kukuru.

Chimwe chezvikamu zvakakosha zveiyi nguva yebasa rake ndipo apo mambo paakaraira kuvakwa kwechikepe chikurusa chakamboitwa, nerombo rakaipa zvekuti, paakariisa mugungwa, rakadzvanywa. Sezvo kunyangwe nechisimba chisimba chikepe Hieron II chaisakwanisa kubviswa, akaraira Archimedes kuti vakwanise kuisa igwa pamusoro. Nekudaro, Archimedes akaronga maitiro emakomponi akawedzera simba, achifambisa ngarava nesimba shoma, achiisa hwaro hwemutemo wake wemubati.

Imwe yenguva dzakakosha kwazvo muhupenyu hwaArchimedes yaive apo mambo paakamubvunza kuti agadzirise kusahadzika kwakamuita kuti asarara. Monarch yaida kuziva kuti korona yake yaive yegoridhe yakasimba here kana kuti yakanga yanyengerwa uye mukati mayo makagadzirwa nechinhu chisina kukosha.. Dambudziko iri rakazove musoro chaiwo kuna Archimedes, nekuti aisaziva kugadzirisa mubvunzo uyu asina kutyora korona nepakati akatarisa mukati.

MuGreek musayendisiti aiziva kuti aifanira kuwana kuwanda kwekorona uye, achifunga kuti yairema zvakafanana neingi yegoridhe, mhinduro yaifanira kuwanikwa muhuwandu hwayo. Dambudziko raive rekuti pakanga pasina nzira yaizivikanwa panguva iyoyo yekuverenga huwandu hwezvinhu zvisina kujairika. Nhoroondo yacho ndeyekuti akawana maitiro ekuzviita achigeza. Zvaakazvinyudza mutabhu, akaona mvura ichikwira. Huwandu hwemvura yakasimuka hwaive hwakaenzana nehukuru hwemuviri wakanyudzwa.

Kubva apa akagumisa kuti kana akanyudza korona uye akayera musiyano uri pamwero wemvura, aigona kunyatsoziva kuti ivhoriyamu yacho yaive yei. Ichi chaive chimwe chezvaakawana zvikuru, uye nekuda kweichi chikonzero chaizivikanwa sechirevo chaArchimedes. Izvo zvinonzi, atarisana nekuwanikwa kwakadai, akabuda mubhati euphoric achidanidzira "eureka", akashama mumigwagwa yeSirakuse pamberi pekushamisika kwekutarisa kwevanopfuura-nenzira.

Kurwisana muSirakuse

Munguva ya213 BC, Masoja eRoma akarwisa Sirakusi ndokushungurudza vagari vemo kuti vazvipire. Ichi chiito chakatungamirwa naMarco Claudio Marcelo, anokudzwa wemauto eRoma uye wezvematongerwo enyika akabhabhatidza seMunondo weRome, munhu akakosha muPiri Punic Hondo. Hondo yakatora makore maviri, umo vagari veSirakuse vakarwa nevaRoma neushingi, kusimba uye hutsinye, pakati pavo Archimedes, akaita basa rakakosha mukudzivirira kweguta.

Asi zvinosuwisa kuti guta rakaguma rawa. Marco Claudio Marcelo, uyo aiziva ruzivo rwakakura rwaArchimedes, akarayira zvakajeka kuti varege kumukuvadza kana kumuuraya, sezvo aimuda pakati pevapi vake mazano. Zvisinei, kungave nekusaziva kana kusakwanisa kwevaranda vake, Archimedes akafira mumaoko eumwe wemasoja eRoma. muna 212 BC Pane shanduro ina dzezvakaitika.

Iwo mana kufa kweArchimedes

Imwe vhezheni inoti Archimedes anga ari pakati pekugadzirisa dambudziko remasvomhu apo musoja weRoma akauya kwaari. Nyanzvi yemasvomhu akamukumbira kwenguva yakati yekugadzirisa dambudziko uye izvo zvaifanira kunge zvisina kufadza musoja, uyo akasarudza kuzviuraya.

Imwe vhezheni inotaurira kuti Archimedes anga achigadzirisa dambudziko remasvomhu pakatorwa Sirakuse. Musoja weRoma akapinda mukamuri rake akavharirwa ndokumuraira kuti asangane naMarcelo, uko nyanzvi yemasvomhu ikapindura kuti yaida kugadzirisa dambudziko raaishanda. Musoja, agumbuka nemhinduro, akauraya Archimedes asingateerere Marcelo.

Iko kune yechitatu vhezheni inotaurira kuti Archimedes aive nezvakawanda mumaoko ake masvomhu. Musoja ndakamuona, achifunga kuti anofanira kunge akatakura zvinhu zvakakosha kana chimwe chombo kuhwina vapambi veRoma, saka asina kufunga kaviri akagumisa hupenyu hwenyanzvi.

Chekupedzisira, yechina uye yakanyatsoita vhezheni inotaura kuti Archimedes anga akatsikitsira pasi, achifunga nezvezvimwe zvezvirongwa zvake. Paakanga achimuverenga, musoja wechiRoma akauya kwaari achibva kumashure uye, asingazive kuti inyanzvi yechiGiriki, akafunga kumupfura kumusana.

Mushure mekufa kwake

Akapedza makore anodarika zana nemakumi matatu mushure mekufa kwake, muna 137 BC munyori weRoma, wezvematongerwo enyika uye muzivi Marcus Tullius Cicero akatora chinzvimbo mukutonga kweRoma uye aida kutsvaga guva reArchimedes. Zvaive zvisiri nyore kwaari, nekuti Cicero haana kuwana munhu anonyatsoratidza nzvimbo chaiyo pakavigwa nyanzvi yemasvomhu.

Kunyangwe paisazivikanwa nekusaziva kwakazara pamusoro pekuti kwaive kwasara maArchimedes, Cicero akakwanisa kuwana guva, padyo padyo nemusuwo weAgrigento. Nzvimbo yake yekuzorora yaive mumamiriro akashata, saka Cicero akafunga kuchenesa guva rake uye, zvakamushamisa, akawana iro yakanga yakanyorwa pane chimwe chikamu mukati mekirinda, ichinongedzera kune chimwe chezvaakawana.

Mipiro kune sainzi

Kunyangwe kufamba kwenguva uye rima reMiddle Ages zvakakonzera ruzivo rwakawanda rweAntiquity kurasika nekusingaperi, kune ruzivo rwakawanda rwunonzi rwakatorwa naArchimedes akakwanisa kusvika mazuva edu. Pakati pevakakurumbira isu tine zvinotevera:

1. Archimedes ’musimboti

Nheyo yaArchimedes zvirokwazvo inhaka inozivikanwa uye yakakosha yechiGiriki. Nenzira ine tsaona zvachose, Archimedes akawana maitiro ekuverenga vhoriyamu yechinhu chero chipi zvacho, kunyangwe yaive nechimiro chakajairika.

Bumbiro iri rinoti muviri wese chikamu kana kunyudzwa mumvura, (mvura kana gasi) inogamuchira kukwira kumusoro kwakaenzana nehuremu hwemvura yakabviswa nechinhu. Ndokunge, zvichienderana nevhoriyamu yechinhu, chinoyerera chinokwira zvakanyanya kana zvishoma, zvisinei nekurema kwechinhu icho pachacho.

Iyi nheyo haina kungotibvumidza isu kuziva huwandu hwechinhu chero chipi zvacho, asi icho yaive zvakare kiyi yekukwirisa kufambiswa kwezvikepe, majaketi ehupenyu, ngarava dzepasi pemvura uye anopisa mabharumu emhepo, zvigadzirwa izvo, kunyange zvakanyanyisa kupfuura Archimedes, zvaisazovapo pasina zvaakawana. .

2. Lever musimboti

Makira emazuva ano asati agadzirwa kuti afambise zvinhu zvinorema zvaitoda kushandisa chisimba. Kuvaka zvivakwa raive basa rakawandisa, uye dzimwe nguva zvaisakwanisika kuzvivaka nekuda kwekushaya varume.

Neraki, Archimedes ndawana mhinduro ndichishandisa imwe yeakanyanya uye akakosha masimboti efizikiki uye makanika. Akaona kuti nekuisa chinhu kumucheto webhodhi zvakanyatsoenzana necrifum, chero chinhu chingafambiswe pamwe nekuyedza.

3. Kufambira mberi musvomhu

Kune akawanda mafambiro esvomhu ayo anonzi anoratidzwa nemufananidzo weArchimedes. Pakati pavo pane kuverenga chaiko nhamba Pi, ichiita fungidziro yekutanga kune isingagumi kuverenga nzira uye nekuona kuti hukama pakati pevhoriyamu yenzvimbo nesirinda mairi inowanikwa ndi2: 3, chimwe chinhu chakamiririrwa nenzira iyi yake guva mukukudzwa kwake.

4. Mechanical nzira

Imwe yemipiro inonakidza yeArchimedes yaive kuiswa kwenzira yemuchina chete mukufunga uye nharo dzematambudziko ejometri, chimwe chinhu chisati chambonzwika munguva yake. Kusvika panguva iyoyo, geometry yaionekwa sesainzi dzidziso uye zvaiwanzo fungwa kuti yakachena masvomhu yaizodzikira kune mamwe masainzi anoshanda angave anobatsira zvemauto nemauto.

Archimedes, mutsamba yakanyorerwa shamwari yake Eratosthenes, anoratidza kuti nenzira yake yemakanika anogona kusvika mibvunzo yemasvomhu kuburikidza nemakanika. Zvinotaridza zvakare kuti zviri nyore kuvaka humbowo hweiyo geometric theorem kana iwe uine ruzivo rwemberi pane kungofungidzira dzidziso. Iyi nzira nyowani yekutsvaga yaizove inotungamira kune isina kujairika nhanho yekutsvaga uye fungidziro yekuumbwa kwazvino kwenzira yesainzi yazvino.

5. Odometer

Sezvinoshamisa sezvazvinogona kurira, Archimedes akagadzira odometer yekutanga. Inozivikanwa se odometer, iyo chaive chigadzirwa chakavakirwa pamabatiro egumbo iro, kana richi tenderera, rinomhanyisa magiya iyo inobvumira daro rakafamba kuti riverengerwe.

6. Iyo yekutanga planetarium

Kubva pane zvakataurwa nevanyori vekare vekare, vanosanganisira Cicero, Ovid, Claudian, Marciano Capela, Cassiodorus, Sextus Empiricus naLactantius, Archimedes anoonekwa seakagadzira yekutanga planetarium.

Iye zvechokwadi akavaka maviri, maererano naCicero. Mumwe wavo aimiririra Nyika uye mapoka enyeredzi akati wandei padyo nayo, nepo imwe, iyo yaingova nekutenderera kumwechete, yaimiririra Zuva, Mwedzi, mapuraneti aiita mafambiro awo neakazvimiririra maringe nenyeredzi dzakatarwa.

7. Chipenga cheArchimedean

Archimedes akagadzira sikuruwa iyo yakabvumidza mvura kutakurwa kubva pasi kuenda kumusoro kuyambuka gomo. Sekureva kwaDiodorus, ichi chigadzirwa chakabatsira kudiridza munzvimbo dzakaorera dzeRwizi rweNile muEjipitori yekare, sezvo zvishandiso zvechivanhu zvaisanganisira kuunganidza kwakawanda kushanda kwevanhu.

Iyi sirinda yaive mukati mechikanda chehurefu hwakaenzana icho chakabatanidza sisitimu yezvifambiso izvo zvaitenderera kufamba kwekutenderera kunoitiswa nemaoko nechimurenga chinotenderera. Nekudaro, mafambisi akakwanisa kusundira chero chinhu kubva pasi kumusoro, ichiumba rudzi rusingaperi wedunhu.

8. Claw yaArchimedes

Nzwara yaArchimedes, inonziwo ruoko rwesimbi, yakanga iri imwe yezvombo zvinotyisa zvehondo zvakagadzirwa nenyanzvi, yakakosha mukudzivirira kweSicily kurwisa kwevaRoma.

Yakanga iri lever hombe yaive nechairi chekubatirira chakasungirirwa kune lever pachishandiswa cheni yainge yakaturikwa pairi. Kubudikidza nechirauro hoko iyi yakashandiswa nenzira yekuti yaigona kumhanyisa pamusoro pengarava yevavengi, ichisimudzira kumusoro uye ichikonzera kuti ipidiguke kana kurovera mumabwe pamhenderekedzo.