Zvimwe Zvimwe Zvinoitika: Rungano rweMaviri Echo Chambers

"Munhu wese chisikwa chezera raanorarama, uye vashoma vanokwanisa kuzvisimudza pamusoro pemafungiro enguva yacho."

— Chinyorwa pane Yese Nhoroondo, Tsika, uye Mweya weMarudzi ; Voltaire (1756)

Mazuva ano, mubvunzo unowanzo bvunzwa wandinobvunzwa kusara kwekuti “sei vanhu vachitenda mune dzidziso dzekurangana? ”Ndeyokuti“ sei vanhu vaviri vakasvika pakubata nhoroondo dzakapesana dzechokwadi? ”

Kunyangwe tiri kutaura nezveRussiagate, COVID-19, kuratidzira nemhirizhonga, kana iyo 2020 Presidential Election, munhu mumwe chete angaona sei chimwe chinhu se "chena" nepo mumwe achichiona se "chitema?"

Kunze kwekurwara kwepfungwa uye kufunga kwekunyepedzera senge tsananguro isingawanzo, nhoroondo yakajairika inogona kuwanikwa muinternet meme iyo ini ichangobva kusangana:

“Ngatizvitarisei, kana iwe wakaberekerwa muIsrael, ungadai uri muJuda. Dai iwe wakaberekerwa muSaudia Arabia, iwe unogona kunge uri muMuslim. Kana iwe wakaberekerwa muIndia, iwe ungangove uri muHindu. Asi nekuti iwe wakazvarirwa muNorth America unogona kunge uri muKristu. Kutenda kwako kusingagumi hakuna kukurudzirwa neimwe yechokwadi, inogara ichokwadi. Iyo yakapusa jogirafi, uye inoenderana nekutenda kwemhuri yako. ”

Kunyangwe chitaurwa chichichinja-chinja kusiyana kwezvitendero pasirese, zvakadaro zvinomutsa chokwadi pamusoro pezvekutenda kwedu zvichinzi zvakakonzerwa ne "tsaona dzekuzvara." ¹ Isu tese tinobata zvitendero zvichibva pane kumwe kusanganisa kwe "native intuition", ² kuzviisa pasi pechiitiko, uye kutenda mune zvakavimbika masosi eruzivo. Mazhinji kana asiri mazhinji eedu anodiwa uye anojekesa kutsigira zvitendero nemaitiro akagarwa nhaka kubva kumhuri uye masikirwo atakakurira kana kuti atakagara ipapo. "Chokwadi chedu" saka kazhinji hachina kunyanya nezve kungwarira uye zvimwe pamusoro pechimiro che "chokwadi" chinouya kubva mukuenzanisa izvo zvatakaudzwa kune izvo "zvinonzwa kunge zvakanaka."

Mukati menguva yehupenyu hwedu hwazvino, zvisinei, iyo internet yakanyatso shandura iyo subculture yekutenda, ichisunungura kubva munzvimbo dzayo dzinoenda mukukura kwenzvimbo chaiyo. Izvi zvingangodaro zvaireva kuti mukati memagariro ane tsika dzakadai seU.S., misiyano yemafungiro yave kushomeka zvichienderana nenyika yatinogara uye nezvimwe pazvinhu zvine ruzivo zvatinoshandisa, online kana neimwe nzira. Yakaenda kare mazuva ayo maAmerican vakaisa rutendo rwavo mumatatu makuru eTV network vachitaura nhau dzemanheru. Iye zvino tave nenhamba isingaverengeke yekuenderera uye kwakasiyana ruzivo rwezvinyorwa pamunwe wedu chaiwo, nemitsara pakati pechinangwa chekuzivisa, maonero ekuzviisa pasi, uye chokwadi chisina chokwadi chakadzikiswa zvakanyanya.

Nepo kuwanikwa kune rakapamhama rakasiyana rezvinyorwa zvinyorwa kungaite senge mukana wekuwana pachokwadi, kunyanya kune avo vedu vane hutano chipimo chekusahadzika avo vanoda ku "tarisa chokwadi," pane chikonzero chekugumisa kuti ruzivo rwakasiyana rwakatora isu tinoenderera kure kure nechokwadi chokwadi uye zvakaita kuti isu tigone kupesana nemumwe. Kwemakore gumi apfuura kana kupfuura, isu tave kuwedzera kuziva nezve njodzi dzekuwira mu "online echo makamuri" nekuda kweese ari maviri kushingairira kutsvaga uye uye kungogara fed ruzivo mukati mezvigadzirwa zvemadhijitari zvinokoshesa ruzivo zvichibva pane zvatinoda. Asi kupatsanurwa kwakadii pakati pemafungiro ekuparadzanisa kune edu enhau nyowani, uye zvakadii kupatsanurwa kwakakanganisa maonero edu akapararira echokwadi?

Muna 2016, iyo Wall Street Journal yakatanga peji rewebhu rakanzi "Blue Feed, Red feed" iyo yakaratidza, padivi nepadivi, kungosiyana kwakadii Facebook zvinyorwa pane imwecheteyo nhaurwa yenyaya inogona kuoneka zvichibva pane zvematongerwo enyika. NiemanLab uye izvi Pakati chinyorwa naRich Gordon; chirongwa chakafanana chakaitwawo na NBC 9News muColorado). Munguva kubva apo “imba yemhere” yave izwi remhuri, zvisinei, tsvagiridzo yakajekesa kuti makamuri edio haanyanyoita zvakanyanya pamusoro pekusaona zvakatumirwa kubva kune edu anopokana maonero sezvo vari ekushingairira kudzikisira nekuzvidza ivo pavanenge vachioneka, pane kusavimba kwemashoko kana "epistemic". ^3,4,5

Pamhepo echo makamuri anomiririra mhando ye "yekusimbisa kusarura pane steroid" ⁶ inofambiswa kwete chete nemafirita mabhuru akavakirwa mumakanika einjini dzekutsvaga nenzvimbo dzekutandarira, asi nekushinga "kunzvenga kupokana" (tisingade kuziva kuti takanganisa) uye "kusimbisa kutsvaga" (kuda kuziva kuti isu kurudyi) padivi revashandisi. ⁷

Purofesa weUniversity of Utah C. Thi Nguyen akataura kuti dzimba dzemheremhere dzinoshoreka masosi enhau zvekuti vanhu vari mukati mawo vanogona kunge vachitevedzera "maitiro akanaka epistemic," vachingoteedzera iwo marongero akagadzwa nehurongwa hwehurongwa hwavari kushanda se kupokana nekutera mukufunga kwakashata kana kusarura kwekuziva. ⁵ Iyi nhoroondo ndeyechimanje manje chirevo chekuti vanhu vanotenda zvinhu nekuda kwe "geography," kana sekutaura kwaNguyen, "nekuda kwemamiriro ezvinhu avanogona kudzora," vachiona kuti vanhu "vanogona kukwidziridzwa [mukati memakamuri emakamuri]" uye kwete achiziva nezvazvo.

Chinokosha ndechekuti vanhu vazhinji havatendi mune zvimwe zvinhu zvechokwadi nekuti isu "tinopenga," takanyengera, kana kuti hatina musoro; tinovatenda nekuti ndizvo "zvatakadzidziswa" mukati meimwe nhepfenyuro yenyika maonero.

Vamwe vaongorori vakataura kuti mhedzisiro yepamhepo echo makamuri akawedzeredzwa nekuti muchokwadi, vanhu vanodya nhau neruzivo kubva kwakasiyana kwakasiyana midhiya sosi kupfuura pasocial media. ⁸ Chokwadi, ongororo ye2020 Pew yakawana kuti nepo 52% yevaAmerican vakati ivo "kazhinji" vanowana yavo nhau kubva kunowanikwa pamhepo, isingasviki kota vakati vanowanzoiwana kubva kunhau dzezvemagariro, uye asiri ezvemagariro mawebhusaiti neterevhizheni zvinoramba zviri zviwanikwa zvikuru kushandiswa kwemashoko.

Asi kumwe kuongorora kwePew kwemashoko enhau anoshandiswa kubva ku2019 kwakasimbisa maonero akakurumbira ekuti vazhinji vevanochengetedza vanoona uye vanovimba Fox News yekuzivisa zvematongerwo enyika nepo vazhinji verusununguko vachiona uye vachivimba CNN. Sezvakaita dzimba dzepamhepo dzepamhepo, vatengi venhau vanoona masosi pamatanho ezvematongerwo enyika, asi mwero wekusavimbana kwezvinhu izvi wakakwira, ne77% yerusununguko vasingavimbe neFox News uye 67% yevachengeti vasingavimbe neCNN. Zvinoita sekunge kuzviratidza isu pachedu kunhau kubva kune edu anopokana zvinowanzoitwa mukushandira "kutarira muvengi."

Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinotsigira nharo dzaNguyen dzekuti zvisinei nemhando yemidhiya, dzimba dzekuchinjisa hadzitsanangurike nevashandisi vakapfeka zvakapofomadza, asi nechiito chekuzvidza masosi enhau anopikisa masosi akavimbika anosimbisa maonero edu epasirese. Pakupedzisira ipapo, vanhu vaviri vanogona kubata zvakapesana nhoroondo dzechokwadi nekuti ndicho chokwadi chavanoona mukati memakamuri avo emakamuri. Uye imomo mune ngozi- kunyangwe imwe rondedzero inogona kunge ichinyatso tsanangudza kupfuura imwe, dzimba dzemheremhere dzinoshandura mafungiro enhema kuva echokwadi sezvaari.

Chii, kana paine chero chinhu, chingaitwe kugadzirisa izvi polarization yezvinoonekwa zvechokwadi? Nehurombo, kuratidzwa kwenhau kubva "kune rimwe divi," sezvandakakurudzira kare, zvinoita kunge hazvishande zvese zvakanaka. Pane kudaro, ongororo ichangoburwa inoratidza kuti kungoiswa pachena kunogona kungosimbisa kusarudzika kwatinako pamusoro pemaonero edu anopikisa, kukanganisa chero mukana wekuwana nzvimbo yepakati, uye kunowedzera kutsauka kwezvematongerwo enyika uye ruvengo rwezviri kuitika. ^9,10 Kuita kuti zvinhu zviwedzere, apo vanhu pavanosvika mhiri kwenzira kuti vabatanidzwe nepfungwa dzinopesana online, zvinowanzoitwa nekuda kwehasha uye chishuwo chekukakavara. ¹¹

Muna 2017, iyo isingabatanidzi nhau sosi Bridge Michigan yakaburitsa chiitiko cheasecdotal umo iyo inochengetedza uye vaviri vakasununguka vakachinjisa zvinyorwa munhau mumapepanhau ekudhinda, hurukuro yeredhiyo, uye mawebhusaiti epamhepo kwevhiki. Kuedza kwakakurumidza kupfupiswa, zvisinei, nekuti vatori vechikamu vakawana chiitiko ichi chinotyisa, chinoodza moyo, chinokanganisa, chinokanganisa, uye pakupedzisira chisingashivirike. Mumwe akataura, "Kana vakati dema ini ndikati chena, hapana nzira yekubvumirana nayo." Pamusoro pegore rapfuura, rudzi irworwo rwekusashivirira rwakatorwa kuenda padanho nyowani revamwe vanochengetedza avo vakasiya Facebook kuParler uye vakasiya Fox News yeOAN neNewsmax, vachivaendesa kunzvimbo yakasarudzika zvakanyanya uye mune yakasarudzika maonero epasirese.

Iyo tariro yakanakisa yekutiza mhedzisiro yedhijitari echo makamuri uye kutsvaga iyo "Middle Way" ine edu anopokana anopokana anogona kunge ari kungoburitsa. Ongororo ichangoburwa yakaratidza kuti kurega izvo zvinofarira zveFacebook, nzira yakakurudzirwa mune yazvino zvinyorwa Dambudziko reMagariro , inogona kudzikisira ruzivo rwenhau, asi inogona zvakare kudzikisira polarization uye kuwedzera kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu. ¹² Zvichida isu tingave tese zvirinani kubva pakasiya iyo mhando yeiyo hyper-kubatana iyo mafoni edu anotipa isu, tichisiya kugara tichiwana kune zviri kuitika mupfungwa dzevavakidzani vedu, uye kufanotaura kusangana kwedu kwemazuva ese nevasingazive online. Panzvimbo yaro, tinogona kutora nguva yekudyara zvakare muhukama hwedu kumeso-uye nekuongorora kusiyana kwemafungiro mukati medunhu renharaunda, uko kune pfungwa yakasimba yekugovaniswa kuzivikanwa uye chinangwa.

Asi kunyangwe paine mhando yekutarisira yekupedzisa zvinyorwa zvakaita seizvi pane chitsamba chetariro tariro, handizvo patinoratidzika kunge tiri kuenda. Hazviite kuti isu tisiye kupindwa muropa nema smartphones kuburikidza nechimwe chiito chekuchinja cheniyo-chiLuddism chero nguva munguva pfupi. Dhijitari echo makamuri ari pano kuti agare uye isu tinogona kutarisira kuwanda kupesana uye kusawirirana kwakakosha nezve chokwadi cheramangwana rinoonekwa semhedzisiro.

Ehe, polarization yezvematongerwo enyika haisi nyowani, asi iri mhando yerabha bhendi inotambanuka ichizorora nekufamba kwenguva. Echo makamuri akatambanudza iro rabha bhendi kusvika pakaputsika, zvekuti tingaone ichisimuka muchimiro chechimwe chinhu senge yehondo yevagari kana chibvumirano mukupindura imwe nzira yechimurenga. Just izvo mhedzisiro iwe yauri kuburitsa midzi kune inogona kunyatso kutsamira pane iyo echo kamuri iwe yauri kugara mairi.

Kuti uverenge zvakawanda nezve dzimba dzemhere uye polarization yezvematongerwo enyika:

• Nhau Dzenhema, Echo Chambers & Filter Bubbles: Gwara Rekupona
• Sei America Yakakamurwa Zvakadai?
• Unogona Kuparadzanisa Zvematongerwo Enyika dzeAmerica Kuwana Iyo yepakati Nzira?